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Common Stork's Bill

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her.

Associations

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Foodplant / open feeder
larva (later) of Aricia agestis grazes on live leaf of Erodium cicutarium agg.
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Plant / resting place / on
adult of Cryptocephalus fulvus may be found on Erodium cicutarium agg.
Remarks: season: 5-10

Foodplant / parasite
live leaf of Erodium cicutarium agg. parasitises hypophyllous colony of Peronospora erodii

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Hypera dauci grazes on leaf of Erodium cicutarium agg.

Foodplant / open feeder
Limobius borealis grazes on leaf of Erodium cicutarium agg.

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Limobius mixtus grazes on leaf of Erodium cicutarium agg.
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Lixus vilis feeds within rootstock of Erodium cicutarium agg.
Other: sole host/prey

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Comments

provided by eFloras
This species is naturalized as a weed in many temperate areas.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 11: 29, 30 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Comments

provided by eFloras
A plant of variable size and pubescence. Common in hills from 700-2400 m. According to Davis (Fl. Turk. 2:485) differs from the subsp. bipinnatum in having a faint furrow below the pit and the acute lobes of the leaves.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 36 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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eFloras.org
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Description

provided by eFloras
Annuals 10-15(-40) cm tall. Stems numerous, erect to decumbent. Stipules triangular-lanceolate, 2-6 mm. Leaves opposite or alternate; leaf blade triangular-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 5-18 cm, pinnately divided to pinnately cleft, 5-12-lobed with basal ones more deeply incised, both surfaces appressed pilose. Pseudoumbels conspicuously longer than leaves, with (2 or)3-10 hermaphrodite flowers; peduncle with glandular and nonglandular trichomes. Pedicel 0.8-1.7 cm. Sepals ovate, 3-6 mm, glandular and hirsute, apex acute. Petals uniformly purple or 2 with a basal black spot, obovate, 5-12 mm. Mericarp 3-7 mm, with apical pit, with or without ridges or furrows; awn not plumose. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Jul-Oct. 2n = 20, 36, 40, 48, 54.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 11: 29, 30 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
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eFloras

Description

provided by eFloras
Annual 4-40 cm, erect or straggling, pubescent-glandular or eglandular. Leaves 20-50 x 8-27 mm, pinnatisect, pubescent-glandular; segments pinnati-partite-sect into small acute lobes. Stipules broad lanceolate-ovate, sometimes connate, 2.5-5 mm long, ciliate, pubescent, scarious. Peduncles 1.5-6.5 cm long, 2-8-flowered, reflexed in fruit, patent-glandular. Bracts connate, ovate, acute, ciliate. Sepals 3-4 mm long, up to 6 mm in fruit, ovate-lanceolate, glandular-pubescent, apiculate, margin membranous. Petals scarcely exceeding sepals, obovate, reddish-purple, cuneate, claw ciliate, apex 1-2-setose. Filaments (of functional stamens) ± 2.5 mm long, base dilated, sparsely pubescent; staminodes shorter, lanceolate, glabrous. Beak 2.5-3.5 mm long, appressed pubescent. Mericarps 5.5 mm long, with bristle-like suberect yellow hairs, faintly furrowed below the pits.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 36 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
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eFloras

Distribution

provided by eFloras
Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liao-ning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, W Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, W Xizang [Afghanistan, NW India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; N Africa, SW Asia, Europe].
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 11: 29, 30 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Distribution

provided by eFloras
Distribution: Europe, N. Africa, S.W. Asia, Arabia, Caucasus, Siberia, C. Asia.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 36 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Flower/Fruit

provided by eFloras
Fl. Per.: March-April.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 36 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Habitat

provided by eFloras
Meadows, flood plains, gravel areas, disturbed areas; 700-2200 m.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 11: 29, 30 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Synonym

provided by eFloras
Geranium cicutarium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 680. 1753.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 11: 29, 30 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forb, grassland

After spring prescribed burning in a basin big sagebrush community in
east-central Oregon, the number of viable redstem stork's bill seeds was
significantly (P less than 0.1) reduced in burned soil samples compared to the
number of viable seeds in unburned soil samples [54]. See the Research Project Summary of this work for more information on fire effects
on redstem stork's bill and 60 additional forb, grass, and woody plant species.

The following Research Project Summaries provide information on prescribed
fire and postfire response of redstem stork's bill and other plant species that
was not available when this species review was written.

license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
redstem stork's bill
cutleaf filaree
purple filaree
redstem filaree
filaree
alfileria
pinclover
pingrass
cranesbill
heronbill
storksbill
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Value

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, ecotype

Redstem stork's bill generally provides poor cover [14].  One ecotype in
Glenville, California, forms basal rosettes 16 inches (40 cm) in
diameter, providing fair to good cover for small birds and mammals [28].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: capsule, forb, fruit, warm-season

Redstem stork's bill is an exotic forb that may be cool- or warm-season,
depending on climate [35,46].  The leaves of young plants form a basal
rosette.  Older leaves grow up to 12 inches (30 cm) long, becoming
decumbent to prostrate.  The persistent styles of this plant are 1 to 2
inches (2.5-5 cm) long and coil together at maturity, enveloping the
fruit at the base.  The fruit is a sharp-pointed, narrow capsule.  The
slender taproot is about 3 inches (8 cm) long [16,37,47].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Cutleaf filaree is distributed worldwide at latitudes below 70 degrees
north and south.  It occurs in Eurasia, North America, South America,
central and southern Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and Tasmania [21].

In North America, redstem stork's bill is distributed across Canada and south
to Baja California, Mexico [21,33].



Distribution of redstem stork's bill . Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [2018, April 24] [49].

license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire regime, fuel, ground fire, seed

Plant adaptations:  Seed driven into the soil by the styles is usually
protected  from fire [52].

Fire ecology:  The prostrate stems of redstem stork's bill aid in spreading
ground fire.  Dead plants contribute to fuel loads. 

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: climax, forbs, grassland

Range:  Frequent prescribed burning favors redstem stork's bill and other
forbs over annual grasses [5,20].  This is desirable when the climax
grass provides poor forage, such as ripgut brome.  Grassland fire typically
destroys very few seeds or other organic matter in the soil [20].  It
does destroy the overlying mulch layer that inhibits germination of
redstem stork's bill seeds [5,19].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: therophyte

Therophyte
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Redstem stork's bill occupies a variety of different sites.  Site
characteristics are as follows:

Soil:  Redstem stork's bill grows in well-drained, clayey, loamy, or sandy
soil.  Variations in soil pH have been reported from moderately acid in
Tehema County, California to moderately alkaline in the Great Basin area
of central Utah [5,7].

Climate:  Native to the Mediterranean area, redstem stork's bill flourishes in
the semiarid climate of the Southwest and the Mediterranean climate of
California [47].  It will tolerate a broad range of climates, however,
including the tropical climate of Hawaii and the cold, rainy climate of
the Pacific Northwest.  Redstem stork's bill can grow in areas that
experience harsh, snowy winters because its short growing period allows
it to complete its life cycle before the onset of freezing weather
[18,21].

Elevation:  Redstem stork's bill occurs below 7,000 feet (2,134 m) [26].

Associated species:  The associated species of redstem stork's bill are too
numerous to list because of its global distribution.  Since cutleaf
filaree is mainly of interest as a range plant, the associated range
species of redstem stork's bill in several western states are listed as
follows:

Arizona:  Saltbush (Atriplex polycarpa and A. lentiformis), mustard
(Cruciferae), foxtail chess (Bromus rubens), Mediterranean schismus
(Schismum barbatus), canyon grape (Vitis arizonica), blue palo verde
(Cercidium floridum) [8,48].

California:  Slender oat (Avena barbata), ripgut brome (B. rigidus),
littlehead clover (Trifolium microcephalum), early filaree (Erodium
obtusiplicatum) [6,48].

Idaho:  St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum), downy brome (B.
tectorum), rattlesnake brome (B. briziformis), rattail sixweeks grass
(Vulpia myuros), western yarrow (Achillea millefolium), bigflower agosersis
(Agosersis grandiflora), spur lupine (Lupinus laziflorus), autumn
willow-weed (Epilobium paniculatum) [43,48].

Nevada:  Turpentine broom (Thamnosma montana), desert bitterbrush
(Purshia glandulosa), blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima), foxtail chess,
California buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum), desert needlegrass (Stipa
speciosa) [1,48].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: cover

   Found in most SAF Cover Types
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

   FRES12  Longleaf - slash pine
   FRES13  Loblolly - shortleaf pine
   FRES14  Oak - pine
   FRES15  Oak - hickory
   FRES18  Maple - beech - birch
   FRES19  Aspen - birch
   FRES21  Ponderosa pine
   FRES27  Redwood
   FRES28  Western hardwoods
   FRES29  Sagebrush
   FRES30  Desert shrub
   FRES31  Shinnery
   FRES32  Texas savanna
   FRES33  Southwestern shrubsteppe
   FRES34  Chaparral - mountain shrub
   FRES35  Pinyon - juniper
   FRES36  Mountain grasslands
   FRES38  Plains grasslands
   FRES39  Prairie
   FRES40  Desert grasslands
   FRES42  Annual grasslands
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

   Found in most Kuchler Plant Associations
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, litter, seed, severity

Moderate fire kills mature plants [20].  Grass fires are typically light
to moderate, and very young seedlings can survive fires of that
severity.  Dennis [13] found that newly germinated redstem stork's bill
seedlings just beneath the litter layer were not harmed by a moderate
grass fire in Mendocino National Forest, California.  Redstem stork's bill
seed in the litter layer remains viable following light fire, and seed
just under the litter layer remains viable following moderate fire.
Severe fire will kill seed unless it is buried 0.5 inch (1.25 cm) or
more deep [41,53].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Redstem stork's bill provides seasonal forage for rodents, desert tortoise,
big game animals, and livestock [4,5,32,24,51].  The seeds are eaten by
upland game birds, songbirds, and rodents [14,30,39].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: grassland

Redstem stork's bill occupies a variety of habitats, from desert to riparian
[23,25].  In riparian communities, it indicates recent or frequent
disturbances [29].  The largest North American redstem stork's bill
populations occur in California, where annual grasslands have replaced
historical perennial grasslands [20,47].  Redstem stork's bill has been
listed as a dominant community type (cts) in the following published
classification:

Area                      Classification              Authority
CA: Central Valley        annual grassland cts        Heady 1977
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: forb

Forb
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bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: cover

Range:  Redstem stork's bill is important forage for cattle, horses, and
domestic sheep in California, Nevada, and Arizona [47].  Annual yields
vary depending upon soil moisture.  Talbot and others [43] found that
cover of redstem stork's bill in a Tehama County, California range fluctuated
from 70 percent in 1934 to 30 percent in 1935, a drought year.  Other
factors also affect the availability of redstem stork's bill.  The plant is
sensitive to airborne pollutants, especially sulfur dioxide, which
causes extensive leaf and stem burn.  Redstem stork's bill yields are reduced
on some southern California and western Arizona ranges due to this
problem [44].  Otherwise, redstem stork's bill has excellent range
durability.  The plant is resilient under heavy grazing pressure.  When
developing fruits are consumed by stock, the plant rapidly grows short,
prostrate stems that produce new fruits.  These new stems and fruits are
relatively inaccessible to stock, especially horses and cattle [22].
When most of the redstem stork's bill within a range assumes this growth
form, the range is overgrazed.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Nutritional Value

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: seed

The food value of flowering redstem stork's bill in central Arizona is as
follows [46]:

                         Percent Composition             

                          protein     17.10            
                          fiber       17.80             
                          calcium      2.54              
                          phosphorus   0.51              
                          potassium    3.56

The digestibility of redstem stork's bill for several animal species is rated
as follows [36]:

                          Percent Digestibility

                         white-tailed deer   40.0
                         cattle              12.4
                         domestic goats      12.5
                         horses              12.0
                         domestic rabbits    11.9
                         domestic sheep      12.9
                                                       
The seeds provide 5,505 calories per gram, or 8.92 calories per seed [40].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
     AL  AK  AZ  AR  CA  CO  CT  DE  GA  HI
     ID  IL  IN  IA  KS  KY  ME  MD  MA  MI
     MN  MS  MO  MT  NE  NV  NH  NJ  NM  NY
     NC  ND  OH  OK  OR  PA  RI  SC  SD  TN
     TX  UT  VT  VA  WA  WV  WI  WY  AB  BC
     LB  MB  NB  NF  NT  NS  ON  PE  PQ  SK
     YT  MEXICO
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: presence

The presence or absence of redstem stork's bill pollen in fossil records,
sediment lakebeds, and artifacts has been used as a dating technique in
paleobotany and archeology [12,16].  Redstem stork's bill was one of the
first exotics to invade North America.  It was apparently introduced in
California during the early 1700's by passing Spanish explorers [51].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Palatability

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The relish and degree of use shown by livestock and wildlife species for
redstem stork's bill in California and Utah is rated as follows [14,42,51]:

                                 CA       UT
        Cattle                  good     fair
        Sheep                   good     good
        Horses                  ----     fair
        Pronghorn               ----     good
        Elk                     ----     good
        Mule deer               good     good
        Small mammals           good     fair
        Small nongame birds     ----     fair
        Waterfowl               ----     poor

Redstem stork's bill seeds are highly palatable to rodents [30]. 
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

Seasonal development of redstem stork's bill varies depending upon climate.
Plant germinate in late fall in California, Nevada, and Arizona but
not start until midsummer of the following year in cold climates [5].
Plants in warm climates grow vigorously until winter, when growth slows.
Vigorous growth resumes in the spring.  In cold climates, growth is
continuous from spring or summer until plant death in early fall [47].
Gordon and Sampson [18] reported the following developmental data for
redstem stork's bill in O'Neal, California:

                       germination - November
                       early leaf stage - December
                       flowers in bloom - March
                       seeds ripe - May
                       seeds disseminated - June
                       plant death - June                         
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire

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More info for the terms: cover, density, prescribed burn, seed

During the first postfire growing season, density of redstem stork's bill is
reduced, but biomass increases [11].  Seed production is highest at
postfire year 1, with redstem stork's bill populations peaking at postfire
year 2.  Callison [10] reported redstem stork's bill as providing an absolute
cover value of 0.2 percent in an unburned area in the Beaver Dam
Mountains of southwestern Utah.  Following a prescribed burn, the cover
value was 11.1 percent in the first postfire growing season, and 11.5
percent in the second.  Cover value declined from postfire year 3 and
after.  By postfire year 12, redstem stork's bill was no longer visible in
the plant community.
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Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration

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More info for the term: secondary colonizer

   Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
   Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
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Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

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More info for the terms: fruit, seed

Redstem stork's bill reproduces sexually [35,47].  Germination is triggered
by seasonal rains and soil temperatures that range between approximately
69 degrees Fahrenheit (21 deg C) during the day to 40 degrees Fahrenheit
(4 deg C) at night [23].  Light rains result in lower germination rates
than heavier rains [5].  When moist, the coiled styles enveloping the
seed expand, uncoil, and drive the arrow-shaped fruit into the ground
[16].  Seed can be driven as deep as 1 inch (2.5 cm), although seed
buried less deeply is more likely to germinate [52].  Young and others
[52] report an average germination success rate of 14 percent.  Plants
are sexually mature 2 to 4 months following germination [19].  Seed
either falls beneath the parent plant or is disseminated by animals.
Rodents frequently bury redstem stork's bill seed in a food cache where
unconsumed seed later germinates [30].  Seed also catches on animal fur
and is disseminated in that manner [16].  Seeds of Erodium spp. can
remain viable for many years, and form extensive seed banks [9].
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bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

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More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

    1  Northern Pacific Border
    2  Cascade Mountains
    3  Southern Pacific Border
    4  Sierra Mountains
    5  Columbia Plateau
    6  Upper Basin and Range
    7  Lower Basin and Range
    8  Northern Rocky Mountains
    9  Middle Rocky Mountains
   10  Wyoming Basin
   11  Southern Rocky Mountains
   12  Colorado Plateau
   13  Rocky Mountain Piedmont
   14  Great Plains
   15  Black Hills Uplift
   16  Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
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bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: grassland, secondary colonizer, seed

Redstem stork's bill is a pioneer on disturbed sites.  Wagner and others [50]
reported that redstem stork's bill seedlings were the first to emerge on
lands strip-mined for coal in New Mexico.  Redstem stork's bill may have been
an initial colonizer in open areas of the Mojave Desert [51].  It is
also a residual or a secondary colonizer, since seedlings can either
establish from on-site seed or from seed carried in by animals [16].  In
annual grassland communities, redstem stork's bill is an early- to mid-seral
stage plant, being intolerant of the mulch layer that builds up in older
communities [4].  Redstem stork's bill is replaced in annual grasslands by
ripgut brome and slender wild oat.  Redstem stork's bill will tolerate
partial shade, but vigor is reduced [2].
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Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The scientific name of redstem stork's bill is Erodium cicutarium
(L.) L'Her. (Geraniaceae) [24,35,49]. Infrataxa are [49]:

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. ex Aiton subsp. bipinnatum Tourlet
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. ex Aiton subsp. cicutarium
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. ex Aiton subsp. jacquinianum (Fisch., C.A. Mey. & Ave-Lall.) Briq.
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Howard, Janet L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Comprehensive Description

provided by North American Flora
Erodium cicutarium (L>) I/Her. ; Ait. Hort. Kew. 2 : 414. 1789
Geranium cicutarium L. Sp. PI. 680. 1753.
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John Kunkel Small, Lenda Tracy Hanks, Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1907. GERANIALES, GERANIACEAE, OXALIDACEAE, LINACEAE, ERYTHROXYLACEAE. North American flora. vol 25(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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North American Flora

Erodium cicutarium

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Erodium cicutarium, also known as common stork's-bill,[1] redstem filaree, redstem stork's bill or pinweed, is a herbaceous annual – or in warm climates, biennial – member of the family Geraniaceae of flowering plants. It is native to Macaronesia, temperate Eurasia and north and northeast Africa,[2] and was introduced to North America in the eighteenth century,[3] where it has since become naturalized, particularly of the deserts and arid grasslands of the southwestern United States.[4]

Description

It is a hairy, sticky annual, resembling herb Robert but lacking the unpleasant odor. The stems are reddish and bear bright pink flowers, which often have dark spots on the bases. The flowers are arranged in a loose cluster and have ten filaments – five of which are fertile – and five styles.[5] The leaves are pinnate to pinnate-pinnatifid, with hairy stems.[6] The long seed-pod, shaped like the bill of a stork, bursts open in a spiral when ripe, sending the seeds (which have long tails called awns) into the air.

Morphology of E. cicutarium
Flowers
Leaf
Achenes with awns

Seed dispersal behavior

Erodium cicutarium seed uses self-dispersal mechanisms to spread away from the maternal plant and also reach a good germination site to increase fitness. Two abilities that E. cicutarium has are explosive dispersal, which launches seeds by storing elastic energy, and self-burial dispersal, where the seeds move themselves across the soil using hygroscopically powered shape change.[7]

Explosive dispersal

After flowering, the five pericarps on the fruits of E. cicutarium, and the awns, which are appendages of the pericarps, join together and grow into a spine shape. As the fruits dry, dehydration creates tension, and elastic energy develops within the awns. With sufficient elastic energy the shape of the awns changes from straight to helical, causing them to burst away from the maternal plants, bringing the seeds with them.[8] During dispersal, mechanical energy stored in specialized tissues is transferred to the seeds to increase their kinetic and potential energy. The energy storage capacity of the seeds is determined by the level of hydration, suggesting a role of turgor pressure in the explosive dispersal mechanism.[9]

Self-burial dispersal

The awn of each seed, once on the ground, responds to the humidity of the environment and changes its shape accordingly. The awn coils under dehydration and uncoils when wet. This results in motor action of the seed, which, combined with the hairs on the seed and along the length of the awns, moves the seed across the surface, eventually positioning it into a crevice and creating a drilling action that forces the seed into the ground. The coiling and uncoiling of the awns is achieved by the hygroscopic tissue in the active layer on the awns. Hygroscopic movement happens in response to a change in the water content of dead plant tissue, specially in the cell wall. Water absorbed by the cell wall binds to the matrix of the awns, causing it to expand and to drive the cellulose microfibrils apart, which causes the matrix to uncoil, thus straightening the awns. Inversely, the matrix will contract under dehydration, leading to the coil of the awns.[10]

Erodium cicutarium seed uncoiling as it absorbs moisture (real-time)
Erodium cicutarium seed drills itself into the soil (time-lapse)

Research found no correlation between weight of the awned fruits and the dispersal distance.[4] E. cicutarium with larger seeds have a longer coil and uncoil time compare to smaller seeds. In the field, the rate of seed burial declined throughout the season. The larger seeds buried themselves more often than the smaller seeds. However, larger seeds have a harder time finding a large enough space for the seeds to be buried. Conversely, smaller seeds have an easier time finding a hole and drilling themselves in, and thus are more likely to be buried.[8]

Advantages

The advantages of explosive dispersal and self-burial dispersal are getting mature seeds of E.cicutarium quickly to the ground during the most favorable period for burial, thus increasing fitness.

Distribution and ecology

The plant is widespread across North America. It grows as an annual in the continent's northern half. In the southern areas of North America, the plant tends to grow as a biennial with a more erect habit and with much larger leaves, flowers, and fruits. It flowers from May until August. Common stork's-bill can be found in bare, sandy, grassy places both inland and around the coasts. It is a food plant for the larvae of the brown argus butterfly.

The seeds of this species are collected by various species of harvester ants.[11]

Uses

The young leaves are edible raw or cooked.[6] The whole plant is reportedly edible with a flavor similar to sharp parsley if picked young. According to John Lovell's Honey Plants of North America (1926), "the pink flowers are a valuable source of honey (nectar), and also furnish much pollen".[12] Among the Zuni people, a poultice of chewed root is applied to sores and rashes and an infusion of the root is taken for stomachache.[13]

Nutrition

Raw Hairy stork's bill are 90.6% water, 7.9% carbohydrates, 0.6% protein, 3% dietary fiber, 0.8% ash and 0.1% fat.[14]

References

  1. ^ "Erodium cicutarium", NBN Atlas, retrieved 2022-02-19
  2. ^ "Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  3. ^ Mensing, Scott; Byrne, Roger (July 1998). "Pre-mission invasion of Erodium cicutarium in California". Journal of Biogeography. 25 (4): 757–762. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1998.2540757.x. S2CID 84221304.
  4. ^ a b Stamp, Nancy E. (1984). "Self-burial behaviour of Erodium cicutarium seeds". Journal of Ecology. 72 (2): 611–620. doi:10.2307/2260070. JSTOR 2260070.
  5. ^ Giblin, David. "Erodium cicutarium, redstem stork's bill, common stork's bill". WTU Herbarium Image Collection. Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
  6. ^ a b Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
  7. ^ Evangelista, Dennis; Hotton, Scott; Dumais, Jacques (15 February 2011). "The mechanics of explosive dispersal and self-burial in the seeds of the filaree, Erodium cicutarium (Geraniaceae)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 214 (4): 521–529. doi:10.1242/jeb.050567. PMID 21270299.
  8. ^ a b Stamp, N. E. (1989). "Seed Dispersal of Four Sympatric Grassland Annual Species of Erodium". Journal of Ecology. 77 (4): 1005–1020. doi:10.2307/2260819. JSTOR 2260819.
  9. ^ Hayashi, Marika; Feilich, Kara L.; Ellerby, David J. (May 2009). "The mechanics of explosive seed dispersal in orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis)". Journal of Experimental Botany. 60 (7): 2045–2053. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp070. PMC 2682495. PMID 19321647.
  10. ^ Elbaum, Rivka; Abraham, Yael (June 2014). "Insights into the microstructures of hygroscopic movement in plant seed dispersal". Plant Science. 223: 124–133. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.014. PMID 24767122.
  11. ^ Harmon, G. D.; Stamp, N. E. (1992). "Effects of Postdispersal Seed Predation on Spatial Inequality and Size Variability in an Annual Plant, Erodium cicutarium (Geraniaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 79 (3): 300–305. doi:10.2307/2445019. JSTOR 2445019.
  12. ^ John H. Lovell (1926). Honey Plants of North America.
  13. ^ Camazine, Scott; Bye, Robert A. (January 1980). "A study of the medical ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians of New Mexico". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2 (4): 365–388. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(80)81017-8. PMID 6893476.
  14. ^ a b Cohen, Shabtai; Koltai, Hinanit; Selvaraj, Gopinath; Mazuz, Moran; Segoli, Moran; Bustan, Amnon; Guy, Ofer (20 August 2020). "Assessment of the Nutritional and Medicinal Potential of Tubers from Hairy Stork's-Bill (Erodium crassifolium L 'Hér), a Wild Plant Species Inhabiting Arid Southeast Mediterranean Regions". Plants. 9 (9): 1069. doi:10.3390/plants9091069. PMC 7570100. PMID 32825348.

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Erodium cicutarium: Brief Summary

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Erodium cicutarium, also known as common stork's-bill, redstem filaree, redstem stork's bill or pinweed, is a herbaceous annual – or in warm climates, biennial – member of the family Geraniaceae of flowering plants. It is native to Macaronesia, temperate Eurasia and north and northeast Africa, and was introduced to North America in the eighteenth century, where it has since become naturalized, particularly of the deserts and arid grasslands of the southwestern United States.

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