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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 17 years (captivity) Observations: While they may reach sexual maturity earlier, males do not mate until they are at least one year-old. These animals feature diapause (Virginia Hayssen et al. 1993). One captive specimen was about 17 years old when it died in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005). In the wild, record longevity is 10.4 years (Tuttle and Stevenson 1982).
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Abbott, S. 2002. "Macrotus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macrotus_californicus.html
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Conservation Status

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Populations of this species are definitely decreasing. Human disturbances in caves and the reestablishment of mines is driving these animals out of their homes.

Temperate North American bats are now threatened by a fungal disease called “white-nose syndrome.” This disease has devastated eastern North American bat populations at hibernation sites since 2007. The fungus, Geomyces destructans, grows best in cold, humid conditions that are typical of many bat hibernacula. The fungus grows on, and in some cases invades, the bodies of hibernating bats and seems to result in disturbance from hibernation, causing a debilitating loss of important metabolic resources and mass deaths. Mortality rates at some hibernation sites have been as high as 90%. While there are currently no reports of Macrotus californicus mortalities as a result of white-nose syndrome, the disease continues to expand its range in North America.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Abbott, S. 2002. "Macrotus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macrotus_californicus.html
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Sarah Abbott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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M. californicus, an insectivorous bat, helps to control pest populations.

Positive Impacts: controls pest population

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Abbott, S. 2002. "Macrotus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macrotus_californicus.html
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Sarah Abbott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations

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M. californicus plays an important role in insect control.

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Abbott, S. 2002. "Macrotus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macrotus_californicus.html
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Sarah Abbott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy

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M. californicus is an insectivore. It uses its unuusal hovering ability to capture insects from the ground instead of from the air. It also uses its keen sense of vision over echolocation whenever light is adequate (Bell 1986). They feed up to 1.3km from their roost (Harris 1999).

Foods eaten include: crickets, moths, beetles, and grasshoppers, cicadas and caterpillars.

Animal Foods: insects

Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )

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Abbott, S. 2002. "Macrotus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macrotus_californicus.html
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Sarah Abbott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

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The California leaf-nosed bat, the most northern member of the Phyllostomidae, lives in Northen Mexico, Baja California, southern Arizona, southern California and southern Nevada (Constantine 1998).

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Abbott, S. 2002. "Macrotus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macrotus_californicus.html
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Sarah Abbott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat

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This species can be found in the caves and abandoned mines in deserts of South West North America. In the winter, they choose roosts that are geothermically heated (Tuttle 1998).

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; chaparral

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Abbott, S. 2002. "Macrotus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macrotus_californicus.html
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Sarah Abbott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy

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Average lifespan
Status: wild:
10.4 years.

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Abbott, S. 2002. "Macrotus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macrotus_californicus.html
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Sarah Abbott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology

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The Macrotus californicus has short broad wings and huge ears and eyes (Tuttle 1998). It's skull has no post orbital processes and a complete premaxillae.

Average mass: 8-17 g.

Average wingspan: 33-35 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average mass: 11.7 g.

Average basal metabolic rate: 0.082 W.

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Abbott, S. 2002. "Macrotus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macrotus_californicus.html
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Sarah Abbott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction

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During the summer, most males form separate colonies close to female groups of around 100-500 members. However, a handful of dominant males stay within the female colony and have harem groups consisting of 5-25 females and young (Tuttle 1998).

Mating System: polygynous

Mating takes place in the fall. For the first several months of gestation, the embryo develops extremely slowly. Development speeds up in the spring, and young are born in June. (Tuttle 1998).

Breeding season: Mating takes place in the fall, birth in the spring

Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average gestation period: 8 months.

Average weaning age: 1 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 6 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 12 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average gestation period: 270 days.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
120 days.

Infants are born with open eyes and ears and a full coat of fur. Infants nurse for one month. While females become sexually mature their first fall, males take a full year to reach sexual maturity (Harris 1999).

Parental Investment: female parental care

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Abbott, S. 2002. "Macrotus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macrotus_californicus.html
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Sarah Abbott, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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California leaf-nosed bat

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The California leaf-nosed bat (Macrotus californicus) is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in Mexico and the United States. Its natural habitat is hot deserts.

Habitat

California leaf-nosed bats can be found in Sonoran and Mojave Desert scrub habitats in the Colorado River valley in southern California, Nevada and Arizona, and throughout western Mexico. It is non-migratory and does not hibernate.

Physical description

Close-up view of California Leaf-nosed Bat

The California leaf-nosed bat weighs between 12 and 20 grams, has a wingspan of over 30 centimeters and a body length of over 6 centimeters, and is brown in color. As its name implies, it has a triangular fleshy growth of skin, called a noseleaf, protruding above the nose. This bat is the only bat of the family Phyllostomidae in the United States to have large ears, usually over 2.5 centimeters. It is also one of the most maneuverable in flight. M. californicus seems to spread its uropatagium widely only when hovering or performing other maneuvers requiring a departure from straight level flight, but the extreme maneuverability observed in M. californicus is probably due to the specializations of its sensory equipment.[2] With short, broad wings, it can fly at low speeds using minimal energy. Because of this adaptation, it is not suited for long-distance travel, and is non-migratory.[3]

This bat has an unusual reproductive pattern. After breeding occurs in the fall, the embryos develop very slowly until March, when growth continues at a more normal rate before birth in May or June. Twins are common.[3]

In Macrotus the position of the hind limbs during level flight differs even more form that in most other mammals. The hind limbs are held behind the bat in a spider-leg- like posture, with the femur extending dorsad and caudad, and with the shank partially flexed and extending caudad and more or less downward.[2]

Like all other species in the genus Macrotus, it has twelve thoracic, six lumbar, five sacral, and seven caudal vertebrae.[2]

Human impact

The bats are susceptible to human disturbance, which can be especially detrimental to the species during summer months, when rearing their young. Human disturbance of caves in which they roost is a major threat. Furthermore, because they often roost in abandoned mines, reclamation practices and re-working old mines can severely impact populations. Because California leaf-nosed bats do not hibernate or migrate, the relatively warm mine shafts are critical for their survival in the northern portions of its range.[3]

Roosting habits

In the study area Macrotus roosts in the daytime exclusively in caves, deserted mine tunnels and deep grottos.[2] They are usually within 30 to 80 feet of the entrance of the tunnel and seem not to require dark retreats. On many occasions, leaf-nosed bats roost in tunnels less than 20 feet deep and fairly brightly lit. In order to be suitable, the Macrotus retreat must be mostly enclosed and have overhead protection from the weather.[2] Roosting chambers are usually large enough to provide considerable ceiling surface and flying space, and thus adequate space allows the animal to find a place to roost while flying. The coolness of the roost also plays a factor in Macrotus selection of roosts, which is why Macrotus would choose to roost in a cool cave in the hot summers. Macrotus prefer to hang from sloping parts of the ceiling and actively grab the rock with ease due to the irregularity of the surface.[2] The bat seems to rest much of the time while hanging onto the rock with only one foot. The free foot is often used for scratching and for grooming the fur, and when the bat is engaged in these activities the body usually swings gently like an erratically disturbed pendulum.[2]

Flight

The flight of the Macrotus is remarkable chiefly for its extreme maneuverability. The bat flies fairly rapidly on occasion, but the usual foraging flight is slow and buoyant, and more nearly silent that of most bats.[2] In level flight Macrotus wings make a soft fluttering sound that is less sharp and carrying than the sounds made by the wing beats of most other bats. The method of landing is most interesting. The bat flies six to eight inches below the ceiling and upon the wings making a deep down stroke that is directed nearly straight forward the hind limbs and uropatagium.[2] These movements cause the bat to swoop upward toward the ceiling and as the bat nears the ceiling the wings are pulled back in an upstroke while the bat rolls over 180 degrees so that its back is facing downward and the long legs reach for the ceiling.[2] Stated briefly, then the alighting maneuver consists of an upward swoop and a half-roll, at the end of which the feet wing rapidly toward the ceiling, seize it, and the wings give a final beat to steady the bat. Often these landings must require precise judgement of speed and distance, as many landings are made in the midst of a fairly closely spaced group of bats.[2] Macrotus has two main methods of launching into flight, by dropping from the ceiling and taking flight after a short downward swoop, and by taking flight directly from the roosting place. The bat often hovers, both when foraging and when flying in its daytime retreat. Macrotus seems to hover easily, and is able to hover for several seconds at a time.

Foraging habits

This bat is a "gleaning" insectivore which captures prey such as crickets, grasshoppers, beetles, and sphinx moths straight from the ground or foliage rather than in flight. It prefers to use its large eyes to detect prey, although in total darkness it will switch to echolocation. It typically hunts within a few feet of the ground, using its superior eyesight to search for insects. It does not alight to capture its prey, but hovers above it and snags it off the substrate. It then carries its prey to an open roost such as a porch or open building to dismember, then consume it.[3]

These bats usually forage within three feet of the ground and often drop down closer to the ground nearer the surface where they can occasionally hover for a few seconds.[2] Even bats released in the daytime flew fairly close to the ground. Leaf-nosed bats seem to be totally insectivorous, and their food clearly reflects the bats' foraging habits. Some insects regularly eaten by Macrotus are almost certainly taken from the ground or from vegetation. The bats' stomachs often contain orthopteran insects, noctuid moths and caterpillars, and beetles of the families Scarabaeidae and Carabidae, along with unidentified material.[2] The lists of food items of Macrotus contain a plethora of insects that seldom fly, are flightless, or that fly in the daytime. This constitutes strong evidence that this bat consumes insects that are on the ground or on vegetation. Most leaf-nosed bats forage sometime between one hour after sundown and four hours after sundown, and then retire to a night roosting place. Each bat seems to have a pre-midnight foraging period of roughly one hour.[2] The greatest activity in the early morning seems to occur between two and one half hours before sunrise and thirty minutes before sunrise. Bats generally begin returning with full stomachs to their daytime roosts about two hours before sunrise, and the last bats usually return approximately twenty minutes before sunrise. A colony of California leaf-nosed bats can consume up to 250,000 pounds of insects in one night.[2]

Notes

  1. ^ Solari, S. (2018). "Macrotus californicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T12652A22031754. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T12652A22031754.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Vaughan, Terry A. Functional Morphology of Three Bats: Eumops, Myotis, Macrotus. 1st ed. Vol. 12. KC: University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, 1958. Print.
  3. ^ a b c d Steven J. Phillips; Patricia Wentworth Comus, eds. (2000). A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert. University of California Press. pp. 464–466. ISBN 978-0-520-21980-9.

References

  • Vaughan, Terry A. Functional Morphology of Three Bats: Eumops, Myotis, Macrotus. 1st ed. Vol. 12. KC: University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, 1958. Print.
  • Baker, Robert J., J. Knox. Jones, and Dilford C. Carter. Biology of Bats of the New World Family Phyllostomatidae. Lubbock: Texas Tech, 1976. Print.
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California leaf-nosed bat: Brief Summary

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The California leaf-nosed bat (Macrotus californicus) is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found in Mexico and the United States. Its natural habitat is hot deserts.

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