Common Names
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeFor Cunningham casuarina:
river sheoak
river-oak
sheoak
she-oak
For Casuarina equisetifolia:
beach sheoak
Australian-pine
horestail casuarina
For Casuarina glauca:
grey sheoak
ironwood
longleaf casuarina
whistling pine
TAXONOMY:
The scientific name of the sheoak genus is Casuarina (Casuarinaceae) [
12,
19].
Three species of sheoak are common in the United States. All will be treated
in this report because of their similar status as invader species and
across-the-board efforts to eradicate the genus from the continent.
"Sheoak" refers to the genus. The species covered in this review are:
Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq., river sheoak
Casuarina equisetifolia L., beach sheoak
Casuarina glauca Seiber, gray sheoak [
6,
19]
These species hybridize with each other [
14].
LIFE FORM:
Tree
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
NO_ENTRY
OTHER STATUS:
All 3 species of sheoak are list as noxious weeds (prohibited aquatic
plants, Class 1) in Florida [
16].
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Casuarina spp.
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
Sheoaks were introduced to the United States near the turn of the
20th century [
14]. They are widely distributed in southern Florida
and are also found in California, Arizona, and Hawaii [
12,
17].
Distributions of river, beach, and gray sheoak. Maps courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The
PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [2018, June 8] [
16].
- bibliographic citation
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Casuarina spp. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Conservation Status
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
All 3 species of sheoak are list as noxious weeds (prohibited aquatic
plants, Class 1) in Florida [
16].
- bibliographic citation
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Casuarina spp. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Sheoaks were introduced to the United States near the turn of the
20th century [
14]. They are widely distributed in southern Florida
and are also found in California, Arizona, and Hawaii [
12,
17].
Distributions of river, beach, and gray sheoak. Maps courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The
PLANTS Database.
National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [2018, June 8] [
16].
- bibliographic citation
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Casuarina spp. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
peatPeriodic fires coupled with the use of herbicides may be an effective
method of controlling sheoak. However, too frequent, intense
fires that kill overstory native pines may actually encourage Casuarina
species to establish [
18]. Morton [
14] warns that burning Australian
pine in peat soils may be hazardous. Elfer [
3] suggests that fire may
be an effective control method for trees greater than 3 inches (8 cm) in
diameter and in dense stands. Burning could be potentially harmful if
the soil pH is changed such that native species cannot establish [
3].
- bibliographic citation
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Casuarina spp. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
River sheoak is listed as a component in the following vegetation
types:
Area Classification Authority
Mariana Is, S. Pacific veg. type Falanruw & others 1989 [
5]
Palau, S. Pacific veg. type Cole & others 1987 [
2]
- bibliographic citation
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Casuarina spp. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- bibliographic citation
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Casuarina spp. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Sheoak is extremely fast growing, crowding out many native
plants and creating sterile environments for both plants and animals
[
10]. It forms dense roots, which deplete soil moisture and break water
and sewer lines. It is also susceptible to windthrow during hurricanes
[
3]. Cutting often induces sprouting, so it is not an effective control
method. Chemicals, such as 2,4,5-T, 2,4-D, or Garlon 3A, can be used to
eradicate sheoak [
10,
14].
- bibliographic citation
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Casuarina spp. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
fruit,
seedSheoak can flower and fruit year-round in warm climates [
3].
Its peak flowering time is between April and June, and its peak fruiting
time is between September and December. The minimum seed-bearing age is
4 to 5 years, and it produces a good seed crop annually. C.
equisetifolia usually flowers and fruits two times a year: between
February and April, and September and October. It produces fruit in
June and December. The fastest growth occurs in the first 7 years with
maximum growth reached in 20 years. The maximum lifespan of Australian
pine is 40 to 50 years [
3].
- bibliographic citation
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Casuarina spp. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
caudex,
root crown,
secondary colonizer,
seedsurvivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
off-site colonizer;seed carried by wind; postfire years 1 and 2
off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
secondary colonizer; off-site seed carried to site after year 2
- bibliographic citation
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Casuarina spp. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The scientific name of the sheoak genus is Casuarina (Casuarinaceae) [
12,
19].
Three species of sheoak are common in the United States. All will be treated
in this report because of their similar status as invader species and
across-the-board efforts to eradicate the genus from the continent.
"Sheoak" refers to the genus. The species covered in this review are:
Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq., river sheoak
Casuarina equisetifolia L., beach sheoak
Casuarina glauca Seiber, gray sheoak [
6,
19]
These species hybridize with each other [
14].
- bibliographic citation
- Snyder, S. A. 1992. Casuarina spp. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Associated Forest Cover
provided by Silvics of North America
When casuarina is present through natural seeding in Florida, it
tends to form pure stands that are often nearly devoid of other
vegetation (4). It may coexist with vegetation such as Florida
fishpoisontree (Piscidia piscipula), button-mangrove (Conocarpus
erectus), myrsine (Rapanea punctata), stopper (Eugenia
spp.), randia (Randia spp.), cocoplum (Chrysobalanus
icaco), southern bayberry (Myrica cerifera), redbay
(Persea borbonia), and Florida poisontree (Metopium
toxiferum) (3).
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Climate
provided by Silvics of North America
In Australia, these species grow in the tropical and subtropical
north and east: C. cunninghamiana along rivers, C.
glauca in swamps, and C. equisetifolia along the
coast.
In Florida, C. cunninghamiana and C. glauca have a
wide tolerance for moisture regimes, as they are present on sites
ranging from dry to very wet but not permanently flooded. Casuarina
equisetifolia performs well on dry sites only; C.
glauca appears to be the most frost hardy, although it
will not withstand long periods below freezing, and C.
cunninghamiana is intermediate in frost tolerance. There
seem to be no climatic barriers to sexual reproduction.
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Damaging Agents
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Casuarina appears to have relatively few
insect problems. The twig girdler (Oncideres cingulata) is
harmful only to small trees; damage by the leaf notcher
weevil (Artipus floridanus) usually is inconsequential;
and one species of spittlebug (Clastoptera undulata) appears
to infest individual trees but causes no serious damage (2). The
Australian pine borer (Chrysobothris tranquebarica) has
on occasion devastated trees 5 years or less in age by girdling
the stems (17).
The major biological cause of death of casuarina on well-drained,
acid, sandy soils is a mushroom root rot (Clitocybe
tabescens) (15); Casuarina cunninghamiana may be less
susceptible than the other species. The incidence of root rot is
reduced on wetter sites, with no evidence of the disease in
alkaline soils.
Primary nonbiological losses are from lightning and frost. Killing
lightning strikes are common to casuarina that are dominant in
the south Florida landscape. Freezing temperatures can damage
well-established trees; temperatures of approximately -8° C
(18° F) kill trees less than 0.5 m (1.6 ft) in height.
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Flowering and Fruiting
provided by Silvics of North America
Casuarina species have been
reported to be monoecious (13) and dioecious (6); C. glauca
in Florida has not been observed to bear female flowers.
Flowering occurs principally from April to June, with numerous
minute narrow and terminal male flowers crowded in rings among
grayish scales, and rounded and lateral female flowers occurring
in light-brown clusters (9,13). Female flowers are wind
pollinated. The multiple fruit, gray brown and 8 to 15 mm (0.3 to
0.6 in) in diameter, ripen from September through December. Seed
bearing usually begins by age 5, and good seed crops occur
annually (13).
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Genetics
provided by Silvics of North America
The geographic seed origins of casuarina in Florida are not known.
Although trees characteristic of each species can be readily
located, classification of individual trees is sometimes
difficult because a high degree of hybridization is presumed. The
three species are found together in much of south Florida and
have compatible flowering times. A C. cunninghamiana x C.
glauca hybrid has grown faster than any of the three species
(1). Studies of individual tree collections of C.
cunninghamiana and C. equisetifolia from four areas
in south Florida do not indicate differences among trees,
sources, or species for survival through 6 months (16).
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Growth and Yield
provided by Silvics of North America
Early growth is rapid, and height
increments exceeding 1.5 m (5 ft) per year are common. Mature
trees in stands of C. cunninghamiana and C.
equisetifolia may reach 32 m (105 ft) in height and 41 cm (16
in) in d.b.h.; more commonly, heights of 25 m (82 ft) and
diameters of 25 cm (10 in) are attained. Initial survival rates
for planted trees are acceptable, averaging over 87 percent. One
35-year-old stand of C. glauca had a basal area of 90 m²/ha
(392 ft²/acre) composed of trees averaging 19 m (62 ft) in
height and 14 cm (5.5 in) in d.b.h.
Total aboveground dry biomass yields of young natural stands of
C. equisetifolia have been as high as 16.6 t/ha (7.4
tons/acre) per year. Such stands, with densities up to 11,400
trees per hectare (4,600/acre), have trees ranging from 0.6 to 18
cm. (0.25 to 7 in) in d.b.h., with an average of 4.3 cm (1.7 in)
at an estimated age of 7.5 years.
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Reaction to Competition
provided by Silvics of North America
Casuarina species are intolerant
of shade but capable of rapidly invading new sites and forming
pure stands. When young, trees are easily suppressed by some
forms of competing vegetation, especially grasses and sedges,
particularly if seedlings are not nodulated and cannot fix
atmospheric nitrogen. On a well-prepared palmetto prairie in
Florida, for example, newly planted casuarina seedlings failed to
survive competition from wiregrass (Aristida stricta) that
rapidly reinvaded the site. In the Philippines and in the
Highlands of Papua, New Guinea, however, casuarina seedlings have
been reported to compete aggressively against Imperata grass,
a weed that makes large areas of the tropics useless for
agriculture (12). Once casuarina trees dominate a site, however,
their heavy root mat and the deep litter layer tend to reduce,
even eliminate, competitors.
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Rooting Habit
provided by Silvics of North America
Casuarina has a spreading, fibrous root
system that can penetrate quite deeply into the soil if
subsurface moisture is available. A very dense mat of
adventitious roots may be formed in response to wet conditions.
The root hairs become infected by Frankia spp. and form
nitrogen-fixing nodules (18).
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Seed Production and Dissemination
provided by Silvics of North America
The conelike fruits
mature throughout the year, although heavier crops occur in the
fall and winter. When the fruits dry from December to March, the
samaras, which range in length from 3 to 8 mm (0.1 to 0.3 in),
depending on species (14), are released and wind disseminated.
Germination of the seeds is epigeal and good on moist, bare soil.
Seeds may be extracted readily from air-dried fruits. Cleaned seed
yields range from 661,000 to 1,653,000/kg (300,000 to 750,000/lb)
depending on species and location (13). Germination of seeds
stored for 2 years under conditions ranging from 6 to 16 percent
moisture content and -7° to 3° C (20° to 38°
F) can be from 40 to 50 percent (7). No pregermination treatment
is required (13). Broadcast sowing of seeds, followed by a thin
topping of soil or other nursery medium sufficient to give 215 to
323 seedlings/m² (20 to 30/ft²), can result in
outplantable seedlings within 3 months.
Seedling development is partly dependent on the presence of a
symbiont, the filamentous actinomycete Frankia spp.,
which allows casuarina to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Inoculation
of nursery-grown seedlings is therefore advisable. This can be
accomplished by application of a 10 percent suspension of ground
casuarina root nodules with water to the nursery medium (11,18).
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Seedling Development
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Under proper conditions, growth of
casuarina seedlings is extremely rapid, with growth rates of more
than 2 m (6.5 ft) possible the first year. Such rates of growth
are observed only when no competing herbaceous vegetation is
present and may be possible only when the seedlings have been
inoculated with Frankia spp., as noted earlier (11).
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Soils and Topography
provided by Silvics of North America
All three Casuarina species prefer coarse-textured soils
of the Entisol, Inceptisol, and Spodosol orders. They show wide
latitude in their soil demands and range from dry, sandy beach
ridges to wet lake margins, but they withstand inundation for
short periods only. In southeastern Florida, the species are
particularly prevalent on alkaline, lime stone-derived soils.
Casuarina equisetifolia is tolerant of very saline conditions
but grows best in slightly acid sandy soils. All three species
tolerate low soil fertility but are quite responsive to
fertilization with phosphorus or nitrogen and phosphorus. They
reach maximum development in slightly depressional topography
where adequate moisture is nearly always available.
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Special Uses
provided by Silvics of North America
No commercial use is made of casuarina in Florida, although its
pulping properties are acceptable (5) and reputed to be better
than those of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) (8). The
species have been widely used for shelterbelts and in landscaping
as hedges and ornamentals (1); C. glauca has been
frequently planted for soil stabilization near drainage ditches
and lakeshores.
The species are well suited for fuelwood because of their fast
growth rates, coppicing potential, and desirable wood properties.
Their wood densities of approximately 0.72 are among the highest
for Florida trees, their green wood moisture content is
relatively low at 60 to 88 percent on an ovendry basis, and their
whole-tree energy values are considerably higher than those of
other species (16). The ash content is slightly higher than that
of most native American woods, averaging about 2 percent; the ash
content of bark is twice this amount. The wood dries rapidly and
burns well. Attempts to saw and season casuarina for use as
lumber have not been satisfactory (10). Casuarina bark has been
used in tanning and medicine, and the fruits have been used for
novelties and decorations (13).
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Vegetative Reproduction
provided by Silvics of North America
The three species show different
levels of root suckering: C. glauca root suckers
prolifically; C. cunninghamiana, infrequently; and C.
equisetifolia, not at all. Rooting success, as evidenced by
preliminary trials with fine branches from lower to middle
portions of crowns, is satisfactory for C. cunninghamiana
and C. glauca but low for C. equisetifolia. Use
of rootone and a sand medium typically resulted in rooting as
high as 50 percent in the spring. Grafting appears to be
successful (1).
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Brief Summary
provided by Silvics of North America
Casuarinaceae -- Casuarina family
D. L. Rockwood, R. F. Fisher, L. F. Conde, and J. B. Huffman
Casuarina species, native to Australia and neighboring
areas, have been introduced into many countries. In the United
States, three species have been established, primarily in Hawaii,
California, and Florida: C. equisetifolia L. ex
J. R. & G. Forst., C. cunninghamiana Miq. and C.
glauca Sieber ex K. Spreng. Other common names of Casuarina
are Australian-pine, beefwood, and horsetail-tree.
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Distribution
provided by Silvics of North America
Casuarina equisetifolia and C. cunninghamiana
are naturalized to the southwestern and southeastern coastal
areas of Florida as far north as Tampa and Titusville, with
C. equisetifolia particularly prevalent on beaches; C.
glauca is present throughout the same general area,
frequently as very dense stands along roads and fence lines. Casuarina
cunninghamiana exists as planted trees as far north as
Gainesville. In Hawaii, C. equisetifolia is common along
sandy coasts and lowlands (9).
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Casuarina
provided by wikipedia EN
Fruit of
C. equisetifolia
Casuarina is a genus of flowering plants in the family Casuarinaceae, and is native to Australia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, islands of the western Pacific Ocean, and eastern Africa. Plants in the genus Casuarina are monoecious or dioecious trees with green, pendulous, photosynthetic branchlets, the leaves reduced to small scales arranged in whorls around the branchlets, the male and female flowers arranged in separate spikes, the fruit a cone containing grey or yellowish-brown winged seeds.
Description
Plants in the genus Casuarina are dioecious trees (apart from C. equisetifolia that is monoecious), with fissured or scaly greyish-brown to black bark. They have soft, pendulous, green, photosynthetic branchlets, the leaves reduced to scale-like leaves arranged in whorls of 5 to 20 around the branchlets. The branchlets are segmented at each whorl with deep furrows that conceal the stomates. Male flowers are arranged along branchlets in spikes with persistent bracteoles, female flowers in spikes on short side-branches (effectively "peduncles") that differ in appearance from vegetative branchlets. After fertilisation, the female spikes develop into "cones" with thin, woody bracteoles that extend well beyond the cone body. The cones enclose grey or yellowish-brown winged seed known as samaras.[3][4][5][6][7][8]
Taxonomy
The genus Casuarina was first formally described in 1759 by Carl Linnaeus in Amoenitates Academicae and the first species he described (the type species) was Casuarina equisetifolia.[2][9] The generic name is derived from the Malay word for the cassowary, kasuari, alluding to the similarities between the bird's feathers and the plant's foliage.[10]
Species List
The following is a list of Casuarina species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of April 2023:[11]
-
Casuarina collina Poiss. ex Pancher & Sebert (New Caledonia)
-
Casuarina cristata Miq. – belah, muurrgu (Qld., N.S.W.).
-
Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq. – river oak, river sheoak, creek oak (Qld., N.S.W., A.C.T., N.T.)
-
Casuarina equisetifolia L. – coastal she-oak, horsetail she-oak (South Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia)
-
Casuarina glauca Sieber ex Spreng. – swamp she-oak, swamp buloke, marsh sheoak (Qld., N.S.W.)
-
Casuarina grandis L.A.S.Johnson (New Guinea)
-
Casuarina junghuhniana Miq. (Indonesia)
-
Casuarina obesa Miq. – swamp she-oak, swamp oak, western swamp oak (W.A., S.A., Vic., N.S.W.)
-
Casuarina oligodon L.A.S.Johnson (New Guinea)
-
Casuarina orophila L.A.S.Johnson (New Guinea)
-
Casuarina pauper F.Muell. ex L.A.S.Johnson – black oak, belah, kariku (W.A., S.A., Qld., N.S.W., Vic.)
-
Casuarina potamophila Schltr. (New Caledonia)
-
Casuarina tenella Schltr. (New Caledonia)
-
Casuarina teres Schltr. (New Caledonia)
In 1982, Lawrence Johnson raised the genera Allocasuarina and Gymnostoma in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens, and transferred some species previously included in Casuarina to the new genera. The species of Allocasuarina previously in Casuarina are: A. acuaria, A. acutivalvis, A. campestris, A. corniculata, A. decaisneana, A. decussata, A. dielsiana, A. distyla, A. drummondiana, A. drummondiana, A. fraseriana, A. grevilleoides, A. helmsii, A. huegeliana, A. humilis, A. inophloia, A. lehmanniana subsp. lehmanniana, A. littoralis, A. luehmannii, A. microstachya, A. monilifera, A. muelleriana, A. nana, A. paludosa, A. paradoxa, A. pinaster, A. pusilla, A. ramosissima, A. rigida, A. robusta, A. striata, A. tessellata, A. thuyoides, A. torulosa, A. trichodon and A. verticillata. The species of Gymnostoma previously included in Casuarina are G. chamaecyparis, G. deplancheanum, G. intermedium, G. leucodon, G. nobile, G. nodiflorum, G. papuanum, G. poissonianum, G. rumphianum and G. sumatranum and G. webbianum.[12]
Invasive species
C. cunninghamiana, C. glauca and C. equisetifolia have become naturalized in many countries, including Argentina, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Cuba, China, Egypt, Israel, Iraq, Mauritius, Kenya, Mexico, Brazil, South Africa, the Bahamas,[13] and Uruguay. They are considered an invasive species[14][15] in the United States, especially in southern Florida[16] where they have nearly quadrupled in number between 1993 and 2005 and are called the Australian pine.[17] C. equisetifolia is widespread in the Hawaiian Islands where it grows both on the seashore in dry, salty, calcareous soils and up in the mountains in high rainfall areas on volcanic soils. It is also an invasive plant in Bermuda, where it was introduced to replace the Juniperus bermudiana windbreaks killed by a scale insect in the 1940s.[18]
References
-
^ "Casuarina". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
-
^ a b "Casuarina". APNI. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
-
^ Wilson, Karen L.; Johnson, Lawrence A.S. George, Alex S. (ed.). "Casuarina". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
-
^ "Casuarina". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
-
^ Wilson, Karen L.; Johnson, Lawrence A.S. Wilson, Karen L. (ed.). "Genus Casuarina". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
-
^ Entwisle, Timothy J.; Walsh, Neville. "Casuarina". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
-
^ "Casuarina". Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
-
^ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
-
^ Linnaeus, Carl (1759). Amoenitates academicae, seu, Dissertationes variae physicae, medicae, botanicae. p. 143. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
-
^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. I A-C. CRC Press. p. 456. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.
-
^ Govaerts R. "Casuarina L.". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
-
^ Johnson, Lawrence A. (1982). "Note on Casuarinaceae II". Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. 6 (1): 73–86. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
-
^ BEST Commission (March 2003). "The National Invasive Species Strategy for The Bahamas". Nassau, The Bahamas: BEST. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06.
-
^ USFS FEIS: Casuarina
-
^ USDA Forest service: Casuarina
-
^ "GISD". www.iucngisd.org.
-
^ IFAS: SRFer Mapserver Archived 2007-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
-
^ "Casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia)". Department of Conservation. Government of Bermuda. Archived from the original on 2010-03-05. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
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Casuarina: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Fruit of C. equisetifolia
Casuarina is a genus of flowering plants in the family Casuarinaceae, and is native to Australia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, islands of the western Pacific Ocean, and eastern Africa. Plants in the genus Casuarina are monoecious or dioecious trees with green, pendulous, photosynthetic branchlets, the leaves reduced to small scales arranged in whorls around the branchlets, the male and female flowers arranged in separate spikes, the fruit a cone containing grey or yellowish-brown winged seeds.
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