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Brief Summary

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Larvae of this family are wood borers in dead or dying angiosperm trees. Healthy trees and sound wood are not attacked. Adults sometimes emerge from firewood brought into homes, consequently arousing concern. The family is cosmopolitan with about 82 species in 22 genera; only one genus is found in North America.
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Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

Xiphydriidae

provided by wikipedia EN

Xiphydriidae are a family of wood wasps that includes around 150 species. They are located all over the world including North and South America, Australia, Europe, and others.[1] Xiphydriidae larvae are wood borers in dead trees or branches of a range of trees.[2] They are characterized as having long and skinny necks with dome-shaped heads.[3] The oldest fossils of the group are from the mid Cretaceous.[4]

Genera

These 29 genera belong to the family Xiphydriidae:[5]

Anatomy and morphology

Xiphydria camelus

Head

Most of the species of Xiphydriidae have antennae that are filiform.[3] The antennal segments vary in number ranging from 14 to 22.[3] The maxillary and labial palpi shape and length varies by species. They have an occipital carina which is a ridge in the back of the head.[3] The head is somewhat spherical and is shiny.[6]

Thorax

The pronotum is medially constricted in Xiphydriidae.[6] The defined axillae completely separates the scutum laterally from the mesoscutellum.[7] Parts of the thorax for Xiphydriidae are generally smooth and shiny.[3]

Abdomen

The segment of the abdomen called the gaster can have an orange, red, or yellow coloring pattern.[7]

A study by David R. Smith broke the Xiphydriidae into different groups by their abdomen. The groups were as follows:

  • Xiphydriidae that have a maxillary palpus segmented into 7.[3]
  • Xiphydriidae that have short maxillary palpi and contain female fore claws with inner tooth.[3]
  • Xiphydriidae that have short maxillary palpi and also contain claws of both sexes with inner tooth.[3]

Life cycle and development

Larva

The Xiphydriidae larvae phytophagous, meaning bore into dead or weak trees and plants.[7] When they are buried in these trees, they rely on symbiotic fungi for food in the tunnels that they made.[1] The larva either do not have legs or they have vestigial legs. During the larval stage, the head of Xiphydriidae is as long as broad.[8] As a larva, the antenna contains either three or four segments. The first segment of the antenna does not have setae and is not enlarged.[8]

Adult

Adults are 6-21mm long. Adult Xiphydriidae are most commonly found in shadowy places and run on the surface of leaves.[9] The adults have heads that are spherical which are attached to long and skinny necks.[3]

Ecology

Xiphydriidae bore and feed into dying or weakened trees so they do not have a negative effect to the environment.[10] They can be a secondary pest to humans because of the dead wood people may bring into their homes.[8] Xiphydriidae can be a host for parasitoid Aulacidae and they emerge from larvae that are fully grown.[11]

In Japan, female Xiphydriidae were dissected and fungal spores were found.[12] The spores were 5 to 30 micrometers in diameter and had a globular shape. Mucus was also in the glandular organs of some of the wood wasps.[12]

References

  1. ^ a b JENNINGS, JOHN T.; AUSTIN, ANDREW D.; SCHIFF, NATHAN M. (2007-06-28). "Rhysacephala novacaledonica sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae), the first xiphydriid woodwasp from New Caledonia". Zootaxa. 1516 (1): 23–30. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1516.1.2. hdl:2440/43711. ISSN 1175-5334.
  2. ^ Smith, David (January 2014). "NOTES ON TWO UNUSUAL SPECIES OF SYMPHYTA (HYMENOPTERA: PERGIDAE, XIPHYDRIIDAE) FROM CHILE, WITH THE FIRST REPORT OF A GALL-INDUCING SAWFLY FROM THE NEOTROPICAL REGION" (PDF). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa. 54: 171–174.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Smith, David R. (2008-07-15). "Xiphydriidae of the Philippines, Insular Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, and Fiji (Hymenoptera)". Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology. 58 (1): 15–95. doi:10.21248/contrib.entomol.58.1.15-95. ISSN 2511-6428.
  4. ^ Gao, Jia; Engel, Michael S.; Grímsson, Friðgeir; Gu, Lei; Ren, Dong; Gao, Tai-Ping (2022-01-04). "The first xiphydriid wood wasp in Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) and a potential association with Cycadales". Fossil Record. 24 (2): 445–453. doi:10.5194/fr-24-445-2022. ISSN 2193-0066. S2CID 245733761.
  5. ^ Taeger, A.; Liston, A.D.; Prous, M.; Groll, E.K.; et al. (2018). "ECatSym – Electronic World Catalog of Symphyta (Insecta, Hymenoptera)". Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut (SDEI), Müncheberg. Retrieved 2019-06-01.
  6. ^ a b "Xiphydriidae | Sawfly GenUS". idtools.org. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  7. ^ a b c "Insects of Britain and Ireland: Hymenoptera families - Xiphydriidae". www.delta-intkey.com. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  8. ^ a b c Smith, David (July 1, 1976). "The xiphydriid woodwasps of North America (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae)" (PDF). Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 102 (2): 101–131. JSTOR 25078190.
  9. ^ Boevé, Jean-Luc; Domínguez, Diego F.; Smith, David R. (2018-06-25). "Sawflies from northern Ecuador and a checklist for the country (Hymenoptera: Argidae, Orussidae, Pergidae, Tenthredinidae, Xiphydriidae)". Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 64: 1–24. doi:10.3897/jhr.64.24408. ISSN 1314-2607.
  10. ^ Smith, David R. (2 October 2001). "A NEW SPECIES OF XIPHYDRIA LATREILLE (HYMENOPTERA: XIPHYDRIIDAE) REARED FROM RIVER BIRCH, BETULA NIGRA L., IN NORTH AMERICA" (PDF). Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 103: 962–967.
  11. ^ "Aulacidae". tolweb.org. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  12. ^ a b Kajimura, Hisashi (2000-03-01). "Discovery of Mycangia and Mucus in Adult Female Xiphydriid Woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) in Japan". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 93 (2): 312–317. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0312:domami]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0013-8746. S2CID 85743142.
  • Jennings, J. T.; Austin, A. D. & Bashford, R. (2009). "First record of the woodwasp family Xiphydriidae from Tasmania with a description of a new species and host record". Australian Journal of Entomology. 48: 25–28.
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Xiphydriidae: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Xiphydriidae are a family of wood wasps that includes around 150 species. They are located all over the world including North and South America, Australia, Europe, and others. Xiphydriidae larvae are wood borers in dead trees or branches of a range of trees. They are characterized as having long and skinny necks with dome-shaped heads. The oldest fossils of the group are from the mid Cretaceous.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN