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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 27 years (captivity) Observations: One wild born female was at least 27 years old when she died in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Biology

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Living high in the forest canopy (8), the crowned guenon is an agile species, capable of leaping across large distances between trees (7). This species is generally found in groups of between 8 and 20 individuals (1), usually comprising a single male, several females and dependent offspring (9). Groups are highly vocal, with the males producing loud, booming calls to announce presence and status, as well as a series of “hacks” to indicate alarm (5). Generally only the dominant males are able to establish groups, and therefore most males lead solitary lives with limited social contact. Amazingly, this appears to drive some males to join groups of other related species such as the black colobus (Colobus satanas), where they form strong group associations, possibly at the expense of ever getting the chance to breed with their own species (9). Associations with other monkey species also frequently occur in crowned guenon groups, usually with moustached and greater spot-nosed guenons (10). The large mixed-species groups help to increase the monkeys' protection from predation, as it increases the likelihood of spotting predators such as birds of prey, and also allows sharing of information about the best foraging sites (11). The majority of the crowned guenon's diet consists of fruit, but insects are also frequently taken, along with small quantities of leaves. Unlike most guenons, populations of crowned guenon in the northern parts of its range make long distance migrations to locate seasonally abundant food supplies (2). Crowned guenon mating systems are usually polygynous, with the lone male in each group having exclusive breeding access to all the females (9). Breeding is likely to occur throughout the year, with the females giving birth to a single young after a gestation period of about five months (2).
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Conservation

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The crowned guenon occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its range, and is therefore safeguarded, to some extent, from habitat loss (1). In order to protect this species against unsustainable levels of international trade, the crowned guenon is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) (3). In addition, this species is listed on Class B of the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, and therefore legal hunting requires authorisation (1) (12). Unfortunately, despite these controls, the bushmeat trade for the crowned guenon—along with many other species—continues to grow (13) (14). To combat this, on Bioko, the Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program is working to protect the island's threatened wildlife by patrolling protected areas to deter hunters, and by developing research and educational programs (13). At an international level, the Bushmeat Crisis Task Force, a consortium of several conservation organisations, is working with governments, organisations and the general public, in order to eliminate unsustainable and illegal bushmeat hunting practices worldwide (14).
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Description

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The crowned guenon is a widespread and common African forest monkey, with distinctive facial markings and prominent tufted ears (4) (5). Currently this species encompasses seven different subspecies, which vary in location and, to a small degree, in appearance. Nevertheless, they generally possess a finely speckled brown and grey coat, becoming black on the lower limbs and on the lower part of the long tail (2) (4). In contrast, the rump, belly and the insides of the legs are golden-yellow and, in the male, the scrotum is blue (4). Certain subspecies, such as the Congo Basin Wolf's monkey, have more extensive golden colouration, extending across the entire hindquarters (6). The crowned guenon's face is mostly dark blue, except for the muzzle, which is pink. The fur surrounding the face is yellow, and characteristically marked with a wide black stripe running from the side of the eye to the ear and across the middle of the forehead where it forms a small crest (2) (4). In addition to these markings, the Congo Basin Wolf's monkey has a conspicuous white band running across the brow (7).
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Habitat

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The crowned guenon is generally found in moist primary and secondary forest, in lowland and montane regions (1) (2).
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Range

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The overall range of the crowned guenon, combining the separate distributions of the seven subspecies, extends throughout much of Central Africa, from south-east Nigeria, as far east as Uganda and Rwanda, and as far south as northern Angola. Taken individually, subspecies Cercopithecus pogonias pogonias is found on the island of Bioko and also in Nigeria and northern Cameroon. Cercopithecus pogonias nigripes is found in Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo and extreme north-west Angola, around Cabinda. Cercopithecus pogonias grayi ranges from southern Cameroon, east to the Central African Republic, and south to Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo north of the Congo River. Cercopithecus pogonias denti occurs in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo as far east as western Rwanda and Uganda, and as far north as the Central African Republic. Both Cercopithecus pogonias wolfi and Cercopithecus pogonias elegans are only found in the Democratic Republic of Congo, with the former located in the western and central regions, between the Congo and Sankuru Rivers, and the latter in central and southern regions between the Lomami and Lualaba Rivers. Cercopithecus pogonias pyrogaster is found in south-western Democratic Republic of Congo and northern Angola, between the Rivers Kwango and Kasai-Lulua (1).
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Status

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Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1) and listed on Appendix II of CITES (3). Subspecies: Cercopithecus pogonias pogonias (golden-bellied crowned monkey) is classified as Vulnerable (VU); C. p. elegans (Lomami River Wolf's monkey) is classified as Near Threatened (NT); C. p. nigripes (black-footed crowned monkey), C. p. grayi (Gray's crowned monkey), C. p. denti (Dent's monkey) and C. p. wolfi (Congo Basin Wolf's monkey) are classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats

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The main threats faced by the crowned guenon are habitat loss, through deforestation for timber and agricultural land, and hunting for meat. Currently, the most seriously affected subspecies is Cercopithecus pogonias pogonias, which has undergone a decline of around 30 percent since the 1980s, and may have been eliminated from certain areas. Although this subspecies is located in protected areas such as Korup National Park in north-west Cameroon, a lack of enforcement of protective measures means that poaching is common (1).
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Crested mona monkey

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The crested mona monkey, also known as the crowned guenon, crowned monkey, golden-bellied guenon, or golden-bellied monkey, (Cercopithecus pogonias), is a species of African primate in the family Cercopithecidae found in west central Africa.

Description

The crested mona monkey is a medium-sized, long tailed arboreal monkey with the females being smaller than the males but showing similar colouration and pattern of coat. They have a brown coat speckled with grey which becomes black on its lower arms and legs and on the base of its long tail. The rump, belly and the insides of the legs are golden-yellow contrasting with the rest of the fur. The males have a distinctive blue scrotum. Their faces are mainly dark blue with a pink muzzle. Around the face the fur is yellow marked with a wide black stripes which runs from the beside the eyes over to the temples and across the centre of the forehead where it forms the characteristic small crest which gives this species its common name.[4][5]

Distribution

Western central Africa from the Cross River in Nigeria and southern Cameroon south to Cabinda, Angola, including Bioko Island, and east into the Central African Republic, eastern Congo and the northern Democratic Republic of Congo.[5]

Habitat

The Crested mona monkey occurs in mature lowland rainforest, in both primary and secondary forest, where there is a well developed canopy and with a clear understorey. Will also occur in flooded forest but avoids small forest patches, gallery forests and open secondary forest with a dense understorey.[5]

Habits

The crested mona monkey is a highly vocal species with a wide repertoire of calls. Both males and females have vocal sacs which are inflated to be used as resonators. A typical call is the booming call made by the adult male which can be heard more than 200m away. Social interactions include tail twining between resting monkeys and a ritualised head display.[5]

The crested mona monkey is an agile species, which crosses large gaps between trees by jumping. They are normally found in groups of between 8 and 20 individuals which are typically made up of a single male, several females and their dependent offspring. Groups are highly vocal, with the males producing the loud, "boom" mentioned above announcing their presence and status, there is also a sharp hacking call which is used as an alarm. The dominant males are able to establish groups, and therefore the lives of most males are rather solitary and are marked by an absence of social contact. Surprisingly, this appears to lead to some males joining groups of other monkeys such as the black colobus Colobus satanas, where these solitary males can form strong group bonds with the non conspecific monkeys, possibly resulting in a permanent loss of mating opportunities. The social groups of crested mona monkeys will also associate with other guenon species, especially with moustached guenon Cercopithecus cephus and greater spot-nosed monkey Cercopithecus nictitans . In the Atlantic coastal forests, this includes red-capped mangabey as well. These large mixed-species groups grant the monkeys' increased protection from predation, as the greater number of eyes on the sky means that the spotting of predators such as birds of prey is more likely, and it also facilitates the sharing of information between groups about the best foraging sites.[6]

The crested mona monkey is mainly frugivorous but invertebrates are also frequently taken, along with small quantities of leaves. Unlike most guenons, populations of the crested mona monkey in the northern parts of its range are known to migrate over long distances to forage for seasonally abundant food supplies. The crested mona monkey has a polygynous mating system where the dominant male in each group has exclusive breeding access to all the females in that group. Breeding seem to take place at any time of year, and the females give birth to a single baby after a gestation period of roughly five months.[6]

Taxonomy

This species sits within the mona superspecies grouping within Cercopithecus.[5] There does not seem to be a consensus around how many subspecies of the crested mona monkey are recognised and some which were formerly considered subspecies of this species are now regarded as species in their own right, e.g. Wolf's mona monkey Cercopithecus wolfi and Dent's mona monkey Cercopithecus denti. Three subspecies appear to be the most widely accepted treatment.[3]

The subspecies and their ranges are:[5]

  • Cercopithecus pogonias grayi Fraser, 1850 (Gray's crested mona): Sangha River basin of southern Cameroon, southern Central African Republic through to the northern Democratic republic and Cabinda.
  • Cercopithecus pogonias nigripes du Chaillu, 1860 (Black-footed crested mona): Endemic to Gabon and southwestern Republic of Congo.
  • Cercopithecus pogonias pogonias Bennett, 1833 (Golden-bellied crested mona): Bioko and the adjacent parts of southern Nigeria, southern Cameroon.

The subspecies schwarzianus is not now generally recognised.[5]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cercopithecus pogonias.
  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 158. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Maisels, F.; Cronin, D.T.; Hart, J.; Etiendem, D.; Oates, J.F.; Butynski, T.M.; Linder, J. (2020). "Cercopithecus pogonias". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T92411527A197301301. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T92411527A197301301.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Cercopithecus pogonias Bennett, 1833". Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) (https://www.itis.gov). Retrieved 2016-11-22.
  4. ^ "Crowned guenon (Cercopithecus pogonias)". Wildscreen Arkive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on 2016-09-24. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Jonathan Kingdon; David Happold; Thomas Butynski; Michael Hoffmann; Meredith Happold; Jan Kalina (2013). Mammals of Africa Volumes 1-6. A&C Black. pp. 335–336. ISBN 978-1408189962.
  6. ^ a b "Cercopithecus pogonias". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
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Crested mona monkey: Brief Summary

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The crested mona monkey, also known as the crowned guenon, crowned monkey, golden-bellied guenon, or golden-bellied monkey, (Cercopithecus pogonias), is a species of African primate in the family Cercopithecidae found in west central Africa.

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