Larix decidua, the European larch, is a species of larch native to the mountains of central Europe, in the Alps and Carpathian Mountains as well as the Pyrenees, with disjunct lowland populations in northern Poland and southern Lithuania. It is widely naturalized in Scandinavia. Its life span has been confirmed to be close to 1000 years [3] (with claims of up to 2000 years) but is more often around 200 years.[4] It is claimed that one of the larches planted by the second Duke of Atholl at Dunkeld in 1738 is still standing.[5]
Larix decidua is a medium-size to large deciduous coniferous tree reaching 25–45 m tall, with a trunk up to 1 m diameter (exceptionally, to 53.8 m tall and 3.5 m diameter). The crown is conic when young, becoming broad with age; the main branches are level to upswept, with the side branches often pendulous. The shoots are dimorphic, with growth divided into long shoots (typically 10–50 cm long) and bearing several buds, and short shoots only 1–2 mm long with only a single bud. The leaves are needle-like, light green, 2–4 cm long which turn bright yellow before they fall in the autumn, leaving the pale yellow-buff shoots bare until the next spring.
The cones are erect, ovoid-conic, 2–6 cm long, with 10-90 erect or slightly incurved (not reflexed) seed scales; they are green variably flushed red when immature, turning brown and opening to release the seeds when mature, 4–6 months after pollination. The old cones commonly remain on the tree for many years, turning dull grey-black.
It is very cold tolerant, able to survive winter temperatures down to at least -50 °C, and is among the tree line trees in the Alps, reaching 2400 m altitude, though most abundant from 1000–2000 m. It only grows on well-drained soils, avoiding waterlogged ground and is not shade tolerant.
It is thought to have been first cultivated in Britain in 1629.[6] John Evelyn encouraged its wider planting and use.[7] Three successive Dukes of Atholl planted it widely[8] and the fourth Duke wrote "Observations on Larch" in 1807 encouraging further its cultivation, which he practiced on a large scale.[9]
European larch is widely cultivated in southern Canada and the northeastern United States. It has been naturalized in Maine, Michigan, New York, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Rhode Island. In the northern Appalachian Mountains it is often used for the reforestation of surface mines.[10] European larch can grow on drier soils and tolerate warmer climates than the native tamarack, being better suited to non-boreal climates.[11]
The following varieties are accepted:[2]
Larix decidua is cultivated as an ornamental tree for planting in gardens and parks.[12]
The wood is tough and durable, but also flexible in thin strips, and is particularly valued for yacht building; wood used for this must be free of knots, and can only be obtained from old trees that were pruned when young to remove side branches.
Small larch poles are widely used for rustic fencing.
Because of its fast juvenile growth and its pioneer character, larch has found numerous applications in forestry and agroforestry. It is used as a ‘preparatory species’ to afforest open land, abandoned farmland or disturbed land and as a ‘nurse species’ prior to the introduction of more demanding species.[13]
The European larch is a popular bonsai species, with many unique specimens available in European circles, and is popularly used in bonsai forest groups.[14]
The seeds are an important food for some birds, notably siskin, lesser redpoll and citril finch, while the buds and immature cones are eaten by capercaillie.
European larch needles are the only known food for caterpillars of the case-bearer moth Coleophora sibiricella; its cone scales are used as food by the caterpillars of the tortrix moth Cydia illutana.
Larix decidua is classed as a wilding conifer, an invasive species which spreads into the high country of New Zealand. It was planted by the New Zealand Forest Service for erosion control.
Siberian larch in autumn colour.
Larch emunicipality Albeck, district Feldkirchen, Carinthia / Austria
Early spring foliage.
European larch woodland in summer, Alpes-Maritimes, France.
European larch foliage and cones.
Developing seed cone in detail.
Young seed cones (red) and pollen cones (yellow).
Young needles and male 'flowers' or strobili.
South Tyrol, Wengen-La Val-La Valle
Parc régional du Queyras, Embrun, Hautes-Alpes, France
Autumnal forest with larches, spruces and arolla pines at Seebachern
European larch planted for erosion control on a scree slope in Canterbury, New Zealand.
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Wound from a broken branch.
Young female cone
Male cones
Larix decidua var. polonica 1962 accession in fall, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Larix decidua, the European larch, is a species of larch native to the mountains of central Europe, in the Alps and Carpathian Mountains as well as the Pyrenees, with disjunct lowland populations in northern Poland and southern Lithuania. It is widely naturalized in Scandinavia. Its life span has been confirmed to be close to 1000 years (with claims of up to 2000 years) but is more often around 200 years. It is claimed that one of the larches planted by the second Duke of Atholl at Dunkeld in 1738 is still standing.
