Comments
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Individual trees with leaves softly pubescent abaxially may be classified as Quercus phellos forma intonsa Fernald; however, such leaves are known to occur on second-flush shoots from twigs bearing typical leaves.
Quercus phellos reportedly hybridizes with Q . coccinea (W. W. Ashe 1894); with Q . ilicifolia (= Q . × giffordi Trelease) and Q . incana (E. J. Palmer 1948); and with Q . marilandica , Q . nigra , Q . pagoda (= Q . × ludoviciana Sargent), Q . palustris , Q . rubra , Q . shumardii , and Q . velutina . D. M. Hunt (1989) cited evidence of hybridization also with Q . hemisphaerica , Q . imbricaria , Q . laurifolia , and Q . pumila .
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
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Trees , deciduous, to 30 m. Bark dark gray and smooth, becoming darker and irregularly fissured with age, inner bark light orange. Twigs reddish brown, 1-2 mm diam., glabrous. Terminal buds chestnut brown, ovoid, 2-4 mm, apex acute, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2-4(-6) mm, glabrous, rarely sparsely hairy. Leaf blade linear to narrowly elliptic, usually widest near middle, 50-120 × 10-25 mm, base acute, margins entire with 1 apical awn, apex acute; surfaces abaxially pale green, glabrous, rarely softly pubescent, adaxially light green, glabrous. Acorns biennial; cup shallowly saucer-shaped, 3-6.5 mm high × 7.5-11 mm wide, covering 1/4-1/3 nut, outer surface puberulent, inner surface light brown, pubescent, scale tips tightly appressed, acute; nut ovoid to hemispheric, 8-12 × 6.5-10 mm, often striate, glabrate, scar diam. 4.5-6 mm.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Distribution
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Ala., Ark., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ky., La., Md., Miss., Mo., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Okla., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Flowering/Fruiting
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Flowering spring.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat
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Of bottomland flood plains, also on stream banks, dunes, and terraces, and, occasionally, on poorly drained uplands; 0-400m.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Common Names
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More info for the term:
swampwillow oak
peach oak
pin oak
swamp willow oak
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
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More info for the term:
treeWillow oak is a large, deciduous, graceful tree with a straight, tall,
slender trunk and willowlike leaves. The leaves are 5 to 8 times as
long as wide, with no lobes or undulations. This species is long-lived
and shows moderately rapid growth on good sites. It reaches 80 to 120
feet (24-37 m) in height and 40 or more inches (100+ cm) in d.b.h. On
alluvial soils, the feeder roots are concentrated in the aerated layer
above the saturated zone. Roots do not penetrate the zone of
free-standing water [
9,
30,
34].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
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Willow oak occurs on the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains from New
Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania to Georgia and northern Florida;
west to east Texas; and north in the Mississippi River valley to
southeastern Oklahoma, Arkansas, southeastern Missouri, southern
Illinois, western and southern Kentucky, and eastern Tennessee. Willow
oak is absent from peninsular Florida and southeastern Georgia [
21,
30].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
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More info for the term:
fire regimeWillow oak is fire intolerant because of thin bark [
30]. Fire is
generally infrequent in willow oak habitats because the proximity to
water discourages fire entry [
5]. Willow oak leaves and other fuels
along waterways are often moist and do not burn well [
33].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
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More info for the terms:
forest,
fuel,
fuel moisture,
prescribed fireHardwoods growing within a pine forest are often controlled with
prescribed fire. Oaks up to 3 inches (7.6 cm) in d.b.h. are usually
top-killed and sprouts kept small and controllable with prescribed
winter fires. Summer fires are also effective, but are more detrimental
to the wildlife food supply [
4]. If willow oak is being grown
commercially, protection from fire is highly desirable [
35].
Because willow oak leaves and habitat are often moist, fuels should be
allowed to dry at least 3 weeks following a rain of 0.5 inch (1.3 cm) or
more. Some fires will not carry even under ideal conditions of less
than 4 percent fuel moisture, 20 to 30 percent relative humidity, and 2
mile (3.2 km) per hour winds within the stand. The most effective
prescribed burning is done between late spring and early winter [
33].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
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More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte (mesophanerophyte)
Phanerophyte (megaphanerophyte)
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
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More info for the terms:
shrub,
swamp,
tree,
vinesWillow oak grows primarily on floodplain sites that are commonly flooded
in the winter and spring, but only briefly during the growing season.
This species usually grows on ridges and high flats of first bottoms
which are the areas surrounding swamps and major rivers which flood
deeply and frequently, but drain rapidly because of relief. It also
grows along minor streams and on ridges, flats, and sloughs of second
bottoms which flood infrequently. It rarely occurs on uplands
[
6,
30,
34].
Willow oak is found in the forests on North Carolina's outer barrier
islands, but it is rarely encountered on South Carolina's outer
barriers [
15].
Willow oak grows best in moist alluvial soils that are deep,
uncompacted, and relatively undisturbed. The best soil is
medium-textured, silty or loamy, and has at least 2 percent organic
material and a pH between 4.5 and 5.5. The most common soils are in the
orders Inceptisols and Alfisols [
30]. The ideal depth of the water
table during the growing season is 2 to 6 feet (0.6-1.8 m). A water
table less than 1 foot (0.3m) or more than 10 feet (3 m) below the
ground surface is unsuitable for willow oak [
30,
34].
In addition to those species mentioned in Distribution and Occurrence,
overstory associates include red maple (Acer rubrum), cedar elm (Ulmus
crassifolia), eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), honeylocust
(Gleditsia triacanthos), persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), Nuttall oak
(Quercus nuttallii), chestnut oak (Q. prinus), and spruce pine (Pinus
glabra). Shrub and small tree associates include swamp privet
(Forestiera acuminata), roughleaf dogwood (Cornus drummandii), hawthorn
(Crataegus spp.), American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), and red
mulberry (Morus rubra). Vines include Alabama supplejack(Berchemia
scandens), greenbrier (Smilax spp.), poison-ivy (Rhus radicans),
peppervine (Ampelopsis arborea), trumpet-creeper (Campsis radicans),
crossvine (Anisostichus capriolata), and grape (Vitis spp.) [
7,
10,
25,
30].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
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More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
More info for the terms:
hardwood,
swamp65 Pin oak - sweetgum
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
87 Sweet gum - yellow-poplar
88 Willow oak - water oak - diamondleaf oak
91 Swamp chestnut oak - cherrybark oak
92 Sweetgum - willow oak
93 Sugarberry - American elm - green ash
96 Overcup oak - water hickory
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
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More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
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More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forestK111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
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More info for the terms:
forest,
hardwood,
high-severity fire,
low-severity fireWillow oak is easily damaged by fire. Seedlings and saplings are
usually top-killed by low-severity fire. Large trees are top-killed by
high-severity fire [
30]. In a study on the Santee Experimental Forest
in South Carolina, periodic winter and summer low-severity fires and
annual winter and summer low-severity fires were effective at reducing
the number of hardwood stems (including willow oak) between 1 and 5
inches (2.6-12.5 cm) in d.b.h. Annual summer fires also reduced the
number of stems less than 1 inch (2.5 cm) in d.b.h. Root systems were
weakened and eventually killed by burning during the growing season [
39].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
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The consistent and abundant acorn crops of willow oak are an important
food source for wildlife including waterfowl, wild turkey, blue jays,
red-headed and red-bellied woodpeckers, flickers, grackles, white-tailed
deer, fox and gray squirrels, and other small rodents [
7,
30,
34]. It
produces a large acorn crop almost every year. Acorns of the black oak
group are an especially important food source in the winter because
those of the white oak group germinate soon after falling and,
therefore, are unavailable [
32].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
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More info for the terms:
cover,
cover type,
forest,
mesic,
natural,
swampWillow oak is commonly found in transitional communities between swamps
and upland mesic forests [
1,
28]. The willow oak-water oak-laurel oak
(Q. laurifolia) forest cover type is located topographically between the
swamp chestnut oak (Q. michauxii)-cherrybark oak (Q. falcata var.
pagodifolia) type on the higher, better drained sites and the overcup
oak (Q. lyrata)-water hickory (Carya aquatica) type on the lower, more
poorly drained sites. Within the willow oak-water oak-laurel oak type,
willow oak is generally located between laurel oak on the more poorly
drained sites and water oak on the better drained sites [
10]. The
following published classifications list laurel oak as a dominant
species:
Southern swamps and marshes [
28]
Forest vegetation of the Big Thicket, southeast Texas [
23]
Eastern deciduous forest [
38]
The natural communities of South Carolina [
25]
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
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More info for the term:
treeTree
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
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More info for the terms:
competition,
hardwood,
seed,
treeWillow oak is a preferred timber and wildlife species. It has been
managed for pulp in plantations. Intensive control of competition is
thought to be necessary for willow oak regeneration because of
relatively slow early growth [
16], but a recent study [
41] showed that
control with a broad spectrum herbicide prior to direct seeding did not
improve survival or height growth of willow oak. In the same study, a
fertilizer tablet placed near the seed of the direct-seeded willow oak
also did not improve survival or growth. General costs and
recommendations for direct seeding of oaks are detailed [
3].
Hardwood competition in pine plantations is often controlled by
herbicide. Spring applications of Velpar L work well on willow oak, as
do late summer applications of Roundup [
31].
Trunk borers, including red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus),
carpenterworm (Prionoxystus robiniae), and living-beech borer (Goes
pulverulentus), are serious insect pests of willow oak that degrade
sawlog quality. Weevils (Curculio spp.) attack acorns. A common butt
rot canker caused by the fungus Polyporus hispidus spreads 4 to 6 inches
(10-15 cm) per year. Infected trees should be removed to salvage the
wood and prevent infection of other trees [
30].
Willow oak is susceptible to acid rain. Leaves show yellow or brown
necrotic zones when exposed to simulated rain less than 3.2 pH [
30].
In order to provide habitat and food for wintering waterfowl, bottomland
forests, composed of willow oak and other water-tolerant, mast-producing
species, are often impounded during the winter. The shallow water is
drawn down in the early spring to prevent tree damage [
24].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
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Willow oak acorns have 5.9 percent total protein and 19.6 percent crude
fat [
2]. They are low in phosphorus [
2,
32,
33].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
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AL AR DE FL GA IL KY LA MD MO
MS NC NJ NY OK PA SC TN TX VA
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
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More info for the term:
treeThis species is used widely as a shade tree and ornamental. It
transplants easily [
30].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
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Among 12 southeastern oak species, willow oak acorns ranked fifth in
preference to the fox squirrel [
27]. In another study [
32], fox
squirrels did not readily eat willow oak acorns, presumably because of
their high tannin content.
Willow oak is considered good browse for white-tailed deer [
33].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
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More info on this topic. Flowering takes place between February and May, usually a week before
the leaf buds open. Acorns mature between August and October of their
second year. Seeds germinate the spring after seedfall [
30].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
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More info for the terms:
root collar,
treeYoung willow oak sprouts readily from the root collar if top-killed by
fire. Older trees do not sprout as readily [
30].
Fire may severely wound surviving trees. The tree may appear normal
immediately following the fire except for discolored bark, but cracks in
the bark develop after 1 year. Insects and fungi attack the tree and
the bark sloughs off in about 2 years [
35]. The average rate of spread
of fungal rot in fire-scarred willow oak is 1.25 feet (0.4 m) per decade
[
36].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
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More info for the term:
secondary colonizerTree with adventitious-bud root crown/root sucker
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
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More info for the terms:
forest,
hypogeal,
litter,
monoecious,
peat,
swamp,
treeSexual: Willow oak is monoecious. Acorn production begins when the
tree is about 20 years old. This species produces a good acorn crop
nearly every year. Dissemination is by animals and water [
30]. Blue
jays transport and cache acorns up to several kilometers from the
collection tree. Blue jays seem to prefer species with small to
medium-sized acorns, such as willow oak [
8].
Germination is hypogeal. The best germination site is moist
well-aerated soil with 1 or more inches (2.5+ cm) of leaf litter [
30].
An 8-week submersion in water slightly reduced the germination capacity
of willow oak acorns [
20] but not enough to affect the species' ability
to regenerate an area [
30].
Early height growth of seedlings is moderate. On good sites, a seedling
will grow 4.5 feet (1.4 m) in 2 years [
30]. Total height growth on a
peat swamp forest site was 4.3 feet (1.3 m) after four growing seasons.
On a wet flat (pocosin) forest site, total height growth was 6.7 feet (2
m) after 8 growing seasons [
18]. Although moderately intolerant of
shade, seedlings will persist as long as 30 years under a forest canopy
[
30].
Moisture must be available during the entire growing season for best
growth. However, complete soil saturation during the growing season
inhibits root growth. Willow oak seedlings averaging 9.8 inches (24.8
cm) in height survived a 60-day period of complete soil saturation, but
height growth was significantly (p < 0.01) reduced and there was some
mortality of secondary roots [
14]. Older trees may survive up to 3
years of continuous flooding [
13]. However, permanent standing water
kills the root system and eventually the tree [
30].
Vegetative: Willow oak sprouts readily from stumps of smaller trees
[
30].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
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More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
climax,
cover,
cover type,
forest,
hardwoodFacultative Seral Species
Willow oak is shade intolerant and responds well to release [
30].
The willow oak-water oak-laurel oak forest cover type may represent a
topographic or edaphic climax on terrace flats and poorly drained
flatwoods. These stands, known as "pin oak flats" with very little
vegetation growing beneath the oaks and water standing much of the year,
may be entirely willow oak. True pin oak (Q. palustris) is found on
similar sites in the northern latitudes of the southern hardwood region
[
10].
In the absence of fire, willow oak and laurel oak will expand into
wetland savannas in the Big Thicket area of east Texas and become a "pin
oak flat" [
40].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
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The currently accepted scientific name of willow oak is Quercus phellos
L. [
21,
30]. It has been placed within the subgenus Erythrobalanus or
black (red) oak group. There are no recognized varieties, subspecies, or
forms. Willow oak hybridizes with the following species [
21,
30]:
x Q. velutina (black oak): Q. X. filialis Little
x Q. falcata (southern red oak): Q. X. ludoviciana Sarg.
x Q. ilicifolia (bear oak): Q. X. giffordii Trel.
x Q. marilandica (blackjack oak): Q. X. rudkinii Britton
x Q. nigra (water oak): Q. X. capesii W. Wolf
x Q. palustris (pin oak): Q. X. schociana Dieck
x Q. rubra (northern red oak): Q. X. heterophylla Michx. f.
x Q. shumardii (Shumard oak): Q. X. moultonensis Ashe
x Q. incana (bluejack oak)
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
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More info for the terms:
hardwood,
restorationWillow oak is used for restoration of the wetter sites of bottomland
hardwood forests and for rehabilitation of disturbed areas. It is also
a good species to plant along margins of fluctuating-level reservoirs
[
30]. Willow oak seedlings planted on canal-excavated material along
the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway had high survival (greater than 50
percent) and a mean height growth of 87.2 inches (221.5 cm) in 5 years
[
12]. Acorn collection, storage, and treatment methods are detailed
[
2,
26].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
(
англиски
)
добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
Willow oak is an important source of lumber and pulp. It has good pulp
characteristics and can be harvested when quite young [
30].
- библиографски навод
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus phellos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Associated Forest Cover
(
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)
добавил Silvics of North America
Willow oak is an important tree in the forest cover types Willow
Oak-Water Oak-Diamondleaf Oak (Society of American Foresters Type
88) and Sweetgum-Willow Oak (Type 92). It is also a minor
associate in Loblolly Pine-Hardwood (Type 82), Swamp Chestnut
Oak-Cherrybark Oak (Type 91), Sugarberry-American Elm-Green Ash
(Type 93), and Overcup Oak-Water Hickory (Type 96) (22). Other
trees associated with willow oak are water oak (Quercus
nigra), red maple (Acer rubrum), cedar elm (Ulmus
crassifolia), eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides),
honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos), and persimmon
(Diospyros uirginiana).
Swamp-privet (Forestiera acuminata), roughleaf dogwood
(Cornus drummondii), hawthorn (Crataegus spp.),
and American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) are major
shrub or small tree associates.
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Climate
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The climate in which willow oak grows is humid and temperate,
characterized by long, hot summers and mild, short winters. It
grows mainly in the zone where daily normal temperatures are
above 0° C (32° F). Frost-free days number 180 to 190
in the north-northeastern range and 300 in the south-southwestern
range (29). Average summer temperatures vary from 21° to 27°
C (70° to 80° F), with extremes of 38° to 46°
C (100° to 115° F). Average winter temperatures range
from -4° to 13° C (25° to 55° F) with
extremes to -29° C (-20° F). Average annual
temperatures throughout the range are 10° to 21° C (50°
to 70° F).
Across the entire range, surface winds in the summer are off the
Gulf of Mexico and winter winds are variable. Normally there are
about 2,700 hours of sunshine annually in willow oak's range.
Relative humidity at noon ranges from 60 to 70 percent in
January and 50 to 70 percent in July.
Annual precipitation varies from 1020 to 1520 mm (40 to 60 in) and
is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year; there is
slightly more precipitation in the summer in the southeastern
portion of the range. Greatest precipitation is in the central
Gulf area. Average annual snowfall varies from 0 to 127 cm (0 to
50 in) over the range. The normal number of days with snow cover
of at least 2.5 cm (1 in) varies from 0 to 40.
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Damaging Agents
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Squirrels, birds, and insects (mainly
acorn weevils) reduce the fruit crop, as do hogs.
A principal enemy of willow oak is fire. Seedlings and saplings
are killed by even a light burn; hot fires kill larger trees.
Trees not immediately killed by the fire are often wounded and
become susceptible to butt rot fungi.
A common canker on bottom-land willow oaks is caused by Polyporus
hispidus (25). This insidious fungus grows rapidly, cankers
lengthening 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) per year, and may cause as
much as 25 percent cull in some areas. Cankered trees should be
removed as soon as possible, both to salvage the log and to
remove the tree as a source of infection (15).
Perhaps the most serious insect pests are the trunk borers. They
cause serious degrade in saw log quality. Three of the more
common are the red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus), carpenterworm
(Prionoxystus robiniae), and living-beech borer (Goes
pulverulentus) (23,24).
Willow oak has been shown to be susceptible to acid rain, the
foliage showing yellow or brown necrotic zones when exposed to
simulated rain of less than 3.2 pH (20).
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Flowering and Fruiting
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Willow oak is monoecious; male and
female flowers are in separate catkins on the same tree.
Staminate flowers are in slender yellow-green hairy catkins,
pistillate flowers are tiny, in few flowered clusters at junction
of leaf stems. Flowering occurs from February to May, about a
week before the leaf buds open.
Late freezes, after the flower and leaf buds have opened, kill the
flowers and defoliate the trees. New leaves develop after the
freeze, but a second crop of flowers is not produced.
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Genetics
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No racial variations of willow oak are known, but the following
hybrids are recognized (14): Quercus phellos x nigra (Q. x
capesii W. Wolf); Q. phellos X velutina (Q. x filialis
Little); Q. phellos x ilicifolia (Q. x giffordii Trel.);
Q. phellos x rubra (Q. heterophylla Michx. Q; Q.
phellos x falcata (Q. x ludoviciana Sarg.); Q. phellos x
shumardii (Q. x moultonensis Ashe); Q. phellos x
marilandica (Q. rudkinii Britton); Q. phellos x palustris
(Q. x schociana Dieck.).
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Growth and Yield
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англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Willow oak is medium size to large,
attaining 24 to 37 m (80 to 120 ft) in height and commonly 100 cm
(39.5 in) in d.b.h. On good sites it makes moderately rapid
growth. Diameter growth is dependent upon tree size. In unmanaged
stands on good sites, trees 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 in) in d.b.h.
averaged 6.6 cm (2.6 in) diameter growth in 10 years (18). In the
36 to 46 cm (14 to 18 in) class, they grew 7.9 cm (3.1 in) in 10
years; in the 51 to 71 cm (20 to 28 in) class, 7.1 cm (2.8 in).
Dominant crop trees in a well-stocked managed stand probably
average 8.9 to 10.2 cm (3.5 to 4.0 in) in d.b.h. growth in 10
years, with a maximum of 15.2 cm (6 in) (7,26).
Willow oak commonly exists as a major component in mixed
bottom-land stands. In a fairly typical stand near Stoneville,
MS, willow oak basal area averages 7.1 m²/ha (31 ft³/acre)
out of a total of 21.1 m²/ha (92.0 ft²/acre) (19). The
same willow oak component of the stand averages 57 273 kg/ha
(51,100 lb/acre) of total dry fiber, 64 percent of which is
contained in the bole; 87 percent of the total is contained in
trees larger than 43.2 cm (17 in).
Willow oak has been successfully planted in stream bottoms or
branch heads. After 17 years, trees averaged 10.9 cm (4.3 in) in
d.b.h. and 14 m (46 ft) in height (6).
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Reaction to Competition
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англиски
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добавил Silvics of North America
A straight, tall, slender trunk
is common. Not a rapid pruner on good sites, it is a very
ineffective natural pruner on poor sites.
A tendency exists for the production of epicormic branches if the
dormant buds along the main stem are stimulated to grow by some
disturbance. Among the causal disturbances are breakage of the
tree crown, wounding of the stem, drought, flooding, suppression,
and unsuitable sites (16). Release stimulates epicormic branching
on intermediate or suppressed trees, but dominant or codominant
trees are much less susceptible. Thinning should aim at releasing
undamaged trees pole size and larger that occupy dominant and
codominant positions.
Although slow to heal from artificial pruning, live-branch wounds
initially heal more rapidly than dead-branch wounds, but up to 4
years are required for healing more than 96 percent of either
kind of wound (11).
Willow oak is a subclimax species and is classed as intolerant of
shade. All trees, except those of poor vigor, respond well to
release.
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Rooting Habit
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англиски
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добавил Silvics of North America
Where it occurs on alluvial soils, willow
oak feeder roots are concentrated in the aerated layer above free
water. Here they form extensive ectomycorrhizal associations that
aid the tree in taking up nutrients and water and offer some
protection against root diseases. Roots do not penetrate into the
zone of free-standing water. In the soil region of best growth,
root growth usually begins during early March.
Since complete soil saturation during the growing season inhibits
root growth of seedlings, it probably has the same effect on
mature trees. Production of ectomycorrhizae also is inhibited
under saturated soil conditions, but once the excess soil
moisture in the upper root zone dissipates, both root and
mycorrhizae growth resume (9). Permanent standing water, however,
kills the root system and ultimately the tree.
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Seed Production and Dissemination
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англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Seed production starts
when the tree is about 20 years old. The acorns are small, 10 to
15 mm (4 to 0.6 in) in length, about as broad as long, occurring
solitary or in pairs (28). They mature between August and October
of the second year after flowering. The first acorns to fall
usually are not mature, as indicated by failure of the cup to
detach easily. Good mature acorns are heavy and have a bright
color with a brown micropylar end (3).
Good seed crops are produced nearly every year. Mature trees
produce between 9 and 53 liters (0.25 to 1.5 bu) or about 5.2 to
31.3 kg (11.5 to 69 lb) of acorns per year. Since willow oak
averages 603 seeds per liter (21.250/bu) (27), the number of
seeds per tree ranges from about 5,400 to 31,900. Seeds are
disseminated by animals and, in areas subject to overflow, by
water.
Prolonged submersion of willow oak acorns reduces their
germination ability slightly, but not enough to affect the
species capability to regenerate an area (13).
The acorns can be stored under moist, cold conditions. For
germination, acorn moisture content must not drop below 40
percent; a 50 percent moisture content is preferable. Seeds
should be stored at temperatures of 2° to 4° C (35°
to 40° F) for 60 to 90 days before planting.
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Seedling Development
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Seeds germinate the spring following
seedfall. Germination is hypogeal (27). The best seedbed is a
moist, well-aerated soil with an inch or more of leaf litter.
Early height growth is moderate; on good sites in the southern
part of the range, seedlings average 1.4 in (4.5 ft) in 2 years.
Willow oak normally reproduces as a single tree or in very small
groups. Reproduction occurs in small to large openings created
either naturally or as a result of logging. Successful
regeneration usually is the result of the presence of advance
regeneration before the stand is disturbed. If willow oak
regeneration does not exist on the ground before disturbance,
there is little chance that successful regeneration of this
species will occur. Seedlings are very intolerant of saturated
soil conditions except during the dormant season, when they can
tolerate complete submergence without appreciable mortality.
After spring foliation, complete submergence longer than 5 to 7
days can be fatal, but seedling mortality usually does not occur
unless saturation periods exceed 60 days (10). During saturation
periods, some secondary roots are killed and no adventitious
shoots are formed, height growth essentially halts. After the
saturation period ends, growth of roots and shoots resumes.
Although willow oak exhibits only medium tolerance to shade,
seedlings may persist for as long as 30 years under a forest
canopy. They continually die back and resprout. As a result they
may become misshapen. These seedling-sprouts respond to release
(12).
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Soils and Topography
(
англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Willow oak grows on a variety of alluvial soils and is found on
ridges and high flats on first bottoms of major streams. On
second bottoms it grows on ridges, flats, and sloughs and can be
very common in some minor stream bottoms. It develops best on
clay loam ridges of new alluvium. Studies show that site quality
of willow oak decreases from the higher to the lower topographic
positions within a floodplain.
Willow oak is rarely found on upland sites but is occasionally
seen on hardpan areas of very old terraces and on hammocks or
bays. Trees on these sites are usually of poor quality.
In addition to topography, willow oak quality and growth rate are
affected by soil characteristics and available moisture. In the
Mississippi Delta, site quality decreases within each topographic
position as clay content 30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 in) below the soil
surface increases. For the non-Delta region in the South, site
quality decreases within a topographic position as available
potassium in the top 15 cm (6 in) of soil increases (26).
The best soils for willow oak growth are those that are deep (more
than 1.2 in or 4 ft), without a pan, and relatively undisturbed
(1). They are medium textured, silty or loamy, with no compaction
in the surface for 30 cm (12 in) and are granular in the rooting
zone below.
In contrast, the worst soils are shallow, have an inherent pan, or
have been intensively cultivated for more than 20 years. They are
fine textured, clayey, with a strongly compacted surface for 30
cm (12 in) and have a massive structure in the rooting zone.
Moisture must be readily available in the soil during the growing
season for best willow oak growth. The ideal water table depth is
0.6 to 1.8 in (2 to 6 ft), while depths less than 0.3 in (I ft)
and greater than 3 m (10 ft) are unsuitable. Radial growth is not
affected by standing water during the growing season (February to
July) (4) but is greatly increased if the water table is
artificially raised by impoundments to within 1.2 in (4 ft) of
the soil surface (5).
For best growth, the topsoil should be at least 15 cm (6 in) deep,
with more than 2 percent organic matter. Optimally, soil pH in
the rooting zone should be 4.5 to 5.5. The site quality worsens
as the topsoil becomes more shallow, organic matter decreases,
and pH departs from optimum. The soils on which willow oak is
most commonly found are in the orders Inceptisols and Alfisols.
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Special Uses
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добавил Silvics of North America
Since it produces an acorn crop almost every year, willow oak is
an important species for wildlife food production. In addition to
being a major supplier of food for game animals such as ducks,
squirrels, deer, and turkey, willow oak supplies many other
animals. Blue jays and red-headed woodpeckers are major
consumers, while grackles, flickers, mice, and flying squirrels
utilize the tree itself (8).
A favored shade tree, it is widely planted as an ornamental. It is
also a good species to plant along margins of fluctuating-level
reservoirs (21). Willow oak can be harvested when quite young and
utilized as biomass (17). Pulp yields per unit volume of young
versus old trees do not differ greatly and chemical demand in
pulping is not greatly increased (2).
Willow oak is being utilized in hardwood plantations, since it
gives a good combination of pulping characteristics and growth
rate.
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Vegetative Reproduction
(
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добавил Silvics of North America
Willow oak readily sprouts from
stumps of small trees. Sprouts from advance reproduction are a
principal method of natural regeneration. Larger diameter stumps
do not sprout readily.
Cuttings taken from young parent trees can be propagated if
treated with indoleacetic acid; success decreases with increasing
age of the parent tree. Untreated cuttings fail completely.
Layering and budding are not effective as a means of vegetative
reproduction.
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Distribution
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добавил Silvics of North America
Willow oak is found mainly in bottom lands of the Coastal Plain
from New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania south to Georgia
and northern Florida; west to eastern Texas; and north in the
Mississippi Valley to southeastern Oklahoma, Arkansas,
southeastern Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Kentucky, and
western Tennessee (14).
-The native range of willow oak.
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Brief Summary
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англиски
)
добавил Silvics of North America
Fagaceae -- Beech family
Bryce E. Schlaegel
Willow oak (Quercus phellos), also known as peach oak, pin
oak, and swamp chestnut oak, grows on a variety of moist alluvial
soils, commonly on lands along water courses.
This medium to large southern oak with willowlike foliage is known
for its rapid growth and long life. It is an important source of
lumber and pulp, as well as an important species to wildlife
because of heavy annual acorn production. It is also a favored
shade tree, easily transplanted and used widely in urban areas.
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Quercus phellos
(
азерски
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добавил wikipedia AZ
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Quercus phellos: Brief Summary
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Quercus phellos (lat. Quercus phellos) - fıstıqkimilər fəsiləsinin palıd cinsinə aid bitki növü.
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Quercus phellos
(
каталонски; валенсиски
)
добавил wikipedia CA
Quercus phellos (roure roig americà de fulla de salze)[1] és una espèciede roure caducifoli que pertany a la família de les fagàcies. Està dins de la secció dels roures vermells.
Distribució
És nativa de l'est d'Amèrica del Nord, des del sud de Nova York (Long Island) cap al sud fins al nord de Florida, al sud i l'oest d'Illinois i l'est de Texas. Creix de forma habitual en les terres baixes de les planes d'inundació, sovint al llarg de les rieres, però rares vegades també a les terres altes amb mal drenatge, fins a 400 m d'altitud.
Descripció
El roure roig americà de fulla de salze és un arbre de mitjana grandària que creix fins a 20-30 m d'alçada (excepcionalment 39 m), amb un tronc de fins a 1-1,5 m de diàmetre (excepcionalment 2 m). Es distingeix de la majoria dels altres roures per les seves fulles, que tenen la forma de fulles de salze, entre 5 a 12 cm de llarg i entre 1 a 2,5 cm d'ample, amb un marge sencer, de color verd brillant per sobre, més pàl·lid per sota, en general sense pèl suau però de vegades per sota. El fruit és una gla, de 8 a 12 mm de llarg, i gairebé tan ample com llarg, amb una cúpula poc profunda. És un dels productors de glans més prolífics, i per tant és un arbre important que dóna aliment als esquirols, ocells i altres animals de bosc. L'arbre comença la producció de gla al voltant dels 15 anys, abans del que moltes espècies de roure.
Els roures roigs americans de fulla de salze poden créixer (el creixement en alçada de fins a 60 cm per any) moderadament ràpid, i tendeixen a tenir les capçades còniques a oblongues quan són joves, completant i guanyant circumferència quan són madurs (és a dir, més de 50 anys).
Cultiu i usos
Els usos econòmics són principalment com un arbre ornamental i la fusta per a la producció de polpa i paper, però també per a la fusta, sinó que sovint es comercialitzen com a fusta de "roure vermell".
El roure roig americà de fulla de salze és un dels arbres més populars per a l'horticultura de sembra, pel seu ràpid creixement, resistència, equilibri entre el predomini axial i radial, la capacitat de suportar el sol i l'ombra, el color verd pàl·lid de la fulla i la corona completa. Tot i haver plantat massivament al sud dels EUA (com a Washington, DC i Atlanta) al voltant dels centres comercials, al llarg de les carreteres, etc., l'arbre tendeix a créixer més que els planificadors esperen, i sovint comporta l'aparició de voreres esquerdades. Una solució interessant que es va tractar al DC és l'ús de voreres de 'goma', fetes de pneumàtics reciclats.[2]
Referències
Enllaços externs
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Quercus phellos: Brief Summary
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)
добавил wikipedia CA
Quercus phellos (roure roig americà de fulla de salze) és una espèciede roure caducifoli que pertany a la família de les fagàcies. Està dins de la secció dels roures vermells.
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Dub vrbolistý
(
чешки
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добавил wikipedia CZ
Dub vrbolistý (Quercus phellos) je opadavý strom až 30 metrů vysoký. Pochází z jihovýchodu USA, kde roste na vlhkých stanovištích. Má celokrajné listy bez laloků. V Česku je vzácně pěstován jako parkový strom.
Popis
Dub vrbolistý je opadavý strom dorůstající výšky okolo 30 metrů. Koruna je hustá, vejcovitá, kuželovitá nebo někdy i válcovitá, nahoře zaoblená. Kmen bývá krátký a může dosáhnout šířky až 1,6 metru. Borka je tmavě šedá a dlouho hladká, ve starším věku tmavší a nepravidelně podélně rozpukaná. Vnitřní borka je světle oranžová. Letorosty jsou hnědočervené, lysé. Koncové pupeny jsou kaštanově hnědé, vejcovité, 2 až 4 mm dlouhé, lysé, zašpičatělé. Listy jsou čárkovité až úzce vejčité, obvykle nejširší přibližně v polovině, s 5 až 12 cm dlouhou a 1 až 2,5 cm širokou čepelí, na okraji celokrajné, pouze někdy zvlněné, s jedinou osinkou na zašpičatělém vrcholu listu. Listy jsou světle zelené, lysé, řidčeji na rubu měkce chlupaté. Rašící listy jsou žluté. Řapíky jsou lysé nebo výjimečně řídce chlupaté, obvykle 2 až 4 mm dlouhé. Žaludy dozrávají druhým rokem, jsou vejcovité až téměř kulovité, 8 až 12 mm dlouhé a 6,5 až 10 mm široké, z 1/4 až 1/3 kryté miskovitou číškou. Číška je z vnitřní strany světle hnědá a chlupatá, na vnějším povrchu pýřitá.[2][3][4]
Rozšíření
Dub vrbolistý je rozšířen v jihovýchodních oblastech USA. Roste v záplavových územích, na březích řek a říčních terasách a příležitostně i na špatně odvodněných stanovištích v horách v nadmořských výškách do 400 metrů.[2] Je to rychle rostoucí dřevina, vyhledávající vlhké půdy.[4]
V oblastech společného výskytu se dub vrbolistý kříží s jinými duby ze sekce Lobatae, zejména s dubem šarlatovým (Quercus coccinea), dubem cesmínolistým (Q. ilicifolia), dubem marylandským (Q. marilandica), dubem černým (Q. nigra), dubem bahenním (Q. palustris), dubem červeným (Q. rubra), dubem sametovým (Q. velutina) a duby Q. incana, Q. shumardii a Q. pagoda.[2]
Význam
Dub vrbolistý je v Česku poměrně zřídka pěstován jako okrasná a parková dřevina. Je uváděn z Dendrologické zahrady v Průhonicích a z Arboreta Žampach.[5] Dub vrbolistý byl zaveden do Evropy již v roce 1723. Kultivar 'Latifolia', vyznačující se širšími listy, které jsou občas ve střední části laločnaté a na rubu chlupaté, je považován za křížence s dubem Quercus incana.[4] Tento kultivar je vysazen v Dendrologické zahradě v Průhonicích.[5]
Odkazy
Reference
-
↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
-
↑ a b c Flora of North America: Quercus phellos [online]. Dostupné online.
-
↑ Dendrologie online: Quercus phellos [online]. Dostupné online.
-
↑ a b c Oaks of the World: Quercus phellos [online]. Dostupné online.
-
↑ a b Florius - katalog botanických zahrad [online]. Dostupné online.
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Dub vrbolistý: Brief Summary
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чешки
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Dub vrbolistý (Quercus phellos) je opadavý strom až 30 metrů vysoký. Pochází z jihovýchodu USA, kde roste na vlhkých stanovištích. Má celokrajné listy bez laloků. V Česku je vzácně pěstován jako parkový strom.
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Weiden-Eiche
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Die Weiden-Eiche (Quercus phellos), auch Weidenblättrige Eiche genannt, ist eine in Nordamerika heimische Laubbaumart aus der Gattung der Eichen. Ihre Blätter ähneln in der Form denjenigen der Weiden.
Beschreibung
Die Weiden-Eiche wächst als sommergrüner Baum; im südlichsten Teil ihres Verbreitungsgebietes ist sie fast-immergrün. Sie erreicht Wuchshöhen bis etwa 30 Meter, selten auch darüber. Sie bildet eine dichte, rundliche Baumkrone aus. Die Weiden-Eiche kann Stammdurchmesser von 1 bis 1,5 Meter, aber auch bis zu 2 Meter erreichen. Die Rinde ist am jungen Baum glatt und grau; im Alter wird sie rissig; die zwischen den Rissen sichtbar werdende innere Rinde ist hellorange.
Die Zweige sind dünn und zunächst olivbraun, später rotbraun. Die Endknospen sind kastanienbraun. Die wechselständigen Blätter sind länglich bis lanzettlich mit keilförmiger Basis und spitz zulaufend. An der Blattspitze sitzt eine kleine, fast haarfeine Borste. Die Blätter sind etwa 5 bis 10 Zentimeter lang, 2 cm breit und ganzrandig. Die Blätter sind auf der Oberseite matt gelbgrün; unterseits sind sie anfangs noch behaart. Der Blattstiel ist etwa 2 bis 4 mm lang. Der junge Blattaustrieb ist zunächst gelb mit roter Mitte. Die Herbstfärbung ist blassgelb bis braungelb.
Die Weiden-Eiche ist monözisch. Die Blütezeit fällt in den Frühling, etwa gleichzeitig mit dem Blattaustrieb. Die männlichen Blüten stehen in schlanken, hängenden gelbgrünen Kätzchen. Die weiblichen Blüten stehen meist einzeln, manchmal zu zweit an einem sehr kurzen Stiel. Die Eicheln reifen innerhalb von zwei Jahren. Im ersten Jahr sind sie etwa 2 mm klein und kugelig. Die reifen, etwa 1 cm groß en Eicheln sind braun und sitzen in einem flachen Becher, der die Eichel zu einem knappen Drittel bedeckt. Die überlappenden Schuppen, aus denen der Becher sich zusammensetzt, sind dünn, behaart und dunkelrot gefärbt.
Die Weiden-Eiche ist bei passenden Standortbedingungen relativ schnellwüchsig.
Verbreitung und Standort
Die Heimat der Weiden-Eiche liegt in den südöstlichen USA. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet besteht aus einem westlichen und einem östlichen Teil, die über einen relativ schmalen Streifen in Georgia zu einem zusammenhängenden Gebiet verbunden sind. Das westliche Gebiet reicht vom östlichen Texas und dem südöstlichen Oklahoma über das südöstliche Missouri, Arkansas und Louisiana in östlicher Richtung über Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, den südlichsten Zipfel von Illinois und das südliche Kentucky bis nach Georgia. Ab hier verläuft der östliche Teil des Verbreitungsgebietes in nordöstlicher Richtung über South Carolina, North Carolina und Virginia bis nach Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, New York und den District of Columbia.
Bevorzugte Standorte der Weiden-Eiche sind Schwemmland und Flussniederungen, wobei allerdings staunasse Standorte vermieden werden. Die Weiden-Eiche bevorzugt eher saure Böden; ihr natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich über Höhenlagen von 0 bis 400 m.
Während die Weiden-Eiche in Nordamerika als Zierbaum und Schattenspender relativ häufig gepflanzt wird, ist sie in Mitteleuropa nur selten zu sehen.
Nutzung
Das Holz der Weiden-Eiche wird als Bauholz oder für Holzschliff verwendet.
Ökologie
Die Eicheln dienen vielen Wildtieren wie Enten, Hörnchen, Hirschen, Truthühnern, Blauhähern und Melanerpes erythrocephalus (engl. „red-headed woodpecker“) als Futter.
Schädlinge und Krankheiten
Die Weiden-Eiche ist sehr feuerempfindlich. Bereits leichte Brände töten Sämlinge. Nach Waldbränden sind auch ältere Bäume abgestorben, und überlebende Exemplare siechen oft dahin, bis sie durch eindringende Pilzkrankheiten endgültig absterben.
Ein häufiger Schädling an Weiden-Eichen ist die Porling-Art Polyporus hispidus.
Zu den bedeutendsten Schadinsekten gehören die Borkenkäferarten Enaphalodes rufulus (engl. „red oak borer“), Prionoxystus robiniae (engl. „carpenterworm“) und Goes pulverulentus (engl. „living-beech borer“).
Systematik
Die Erstbeschreibung durch den schwedischen Botaniker Carl von Linné wurde 1753 veröffentlicht.[1]
Es werden keine Varietäten innerhalb der Art unterschieden. Die Weiden-Eiche hybridisiert mit mehreren anderen Eichenarten[2]; Kreuzungen mit folgenden Arten sind belegt:
Laut D. M. Hunt (1989) hybridisiert sie auch mit folgenden weiteren Arten:
Literatur
- Alan Mitchell, übersetzt und bearbeitet von Gerd Krüssmann: Die Wald- und Parkbäume Europas: Ein Bestimmungsbuch für Dendrologen und Naturfreunde. Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin 1975, ISBN 3-490-05918-2.
Belege
-
↑ Sp. Pl. 2:994 (1753). Siehe Eintrag bei GRIN Taxonomy for Plants (englisch).
-
↑ Siehe Eintrag bei Flora of North America.
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Weiden-Eiche: Brief Summary
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Blätter
Eicheln
Die Weiden-Eiche (Quercus phellos), auch Weidenblättrige Eiche genannt, ist eine in Nordamerika heimische Laubbaumart aus der Gattung der Eichen. Ihre Blätter ähneln in der Form denjenigen der Weiden.
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Quercus phellos
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англиски
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Quercus phellos, the willow oak, is a North American species of a deciduous tree in the red oak group of oaks. It is native to the south-central and eastern United States.
Description
It is a medium-sized tree growing to 20–30 meters (65–100 feet) tall (exceptionally to 39 m, 128 ft), with a trunk up to 1–1.5 m (3+1⁄2–5 ft) in diameter (exceptionally 2 m or 6+1⁄2 ft). It is distinguished from most other oaks by its leaves, which are shaped like willow leaves, 5–12 centimeters (2–4+3⁄4 inches) long and 1–2.5 cm (3⁄8–1 in) broad with an entire (untoothed and unlobed) margin; they are bright green above, paler beneath, usually hairless but sometimes downy beneath. The fruit is an acorn, 8–12 millimeters (5⁄16–15⁄32 in) long, and almost as wide as long, with a shallow cup; it is one of the most prolific producers of acorns.[2] The tree starts acorn production around 15 years of age, earlier than many oak species.[3]
Willow oaks can grow moderately fast (height growth up to 60 cm or 2 ft a year), and tend to be conic to oblong when young, rounding out and gaining girth at maturity (i.e. more than 50 years).
Distribution and habitat
The species is most common in the American south and eastern states.[4] It can be found from Long Island Sound south to northern Florida, and west to southernmost Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas.[5] Its natural range extends into southeastern Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey. It has also historically been recorded as occurring in Lancaster, Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Philadelphia counties, chiefly on wet sites, occasionally in drier, upland ones.[6] Much of that area has been built over and developed since World War II, and the tree is now classified as endangered in the state.
It is most commonly found growing on lowland floodplains, often along streams, but rarely also in uplands with poor drainage, up to 400 m (1,300 ft) in altitude.
Ecology
The acorns are eaten by squirrels and other wildlife.[2]
Uses
Economic uses are primarily as an ornamental tree and the wood for pulp and paper production, but also for lumber; it is often marketed as "red oak" wood.
The willow oak is one of the most popular trees for horticultural planting, due to its rapid growth, hardiness, balance between axial and radial dominance, ability to withstand both sun and shade, light green leaf color and full crown. Despite being heavily used in landscaping in the Southern US (in cities such as Washington, D.C., Raleigh, Charlotte, and Atlanta) around malls, along roads, etc., the trees tend to grow larger than planners expect, which often leads to cracked sidewalks.
References
-
^ Wenzell , K.; Kenny, L. (2015). "Quercus phellos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T194220A2304635. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T194220A2304635.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
-
^ a b Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 405. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
-
^ Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus phellos". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
-
^ "Quercus phellos". fs.fed.us. p. 1. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
-
^ "Quercus phellos". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
-
^ Illick, Joseph (1928), Pennsylvania Trees.
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Quercus phellos: Brief Summary
(
англиски
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добавил wikipedia EN
Quercus phellos, the willow oak, is a North American species of a deciduous tree in the red oak group of oaks. It is native to the south-central and eastern United States.
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Quercus phellos
(
шпански; кастиљски
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Quercus phellos, es una especie del género Quercus dentro de la familia de las Fagaceae. Está clasificada en la Sección Lobatae; del roble rojo de América del Norte, Centroamérica y el norte de América del Sur que tienen los estilos largos, las bellotas maduran en 18 meses y tienen un sabor muy amargo. Las hojas suelen tener lóbulos con las puntas afiladas, con cerdas o con púas en el lóbulo.
Distribución y hábitat
Es nativa del este de América del Norte desde el sur de Nueva York (Long Island) al sur hasta el norte de Florida, y al oeste con más meridional de Illinois y el este de Texas. Se encuentra más comúnmente crece en las tierras bajas en llanuras de inundación, a menudo a lo largo de los arroyos, pero rara vez también en las tierras altas con mal drenaje, hasta 400 m de altitud.
Descripción
Es un árbol de tamaño mediano que crece hasta los 20-30 m de altura (excepcionalmente 39 m), con un tronco de hasta 1 a 1,5 m de diámetro (excepcionalmente 2 m). Se distingue de la mayoría de los otros robles por sus hojas, que tienen forma de sauce, hojas de 5-12 cm de largo y 1-2.5 cm de ancho, con un margen entero; son de color verde brillante por encima, más pálido por debajo, por lo general sin pelo pero a veces velloso debajo. El fruto es una bellota de 8-12 mm de largo, y casi tan ancho como largo, con una copa poco profunda; es uno de los productores más prolíficos de bellotas, un árbol de alimento importante para las ardillas, pájaros y otros animales en el bosque. El árbol comienza la producción de bellota a los 15 años de edad, antes de muchas especies de roble.
Quercus phellos pueden crecer moderadamente rápido (crecimiento hasta la altura de 60 cm por año), y tienden a ser cónica a oblongo cuando son jóvenes, completando y ganando la circunferencia en la madurez (es decir, más de 50 años).
Cultivo y usos
Sus usos económicos son principalmente como un árbol ornamental y de la madera para pulpa y papel de producción, si no también para la madera; a menudo se comercializa como madera "roble rojo".
El roble sauce es uno de los árboles más populares para la horticultura de la siembra, debido a su rápido crecimiento, resistencia, equilibrio entre axial y radial dominancia, capacidad para soportar el sol y la sombra, la luz del color de la hoja verde y la corona completa. A pesar de ser plantadas de forma masiva en los Estados Unidos del Sur (como Washington, DC y Atlanta, Georgia) en torno a los centros comerciales, a lo largo de los caminos, etc, el árbol tiende a crecer más de lo que los planificadores esperan, y a menudo tiene las aceras agrietadas. Una solución interesante de ser estudiado es utilizar en las aceras 'goma', hechas de neumáticos reciclados.[1]
Taxonomía
Quercus phellos fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 994. 1753.[2]
- Etimología
Quercus: nombre genérico del latín que designaba igualmente al roble y a la encina.
phellos: epíteto
- Sinonimia
-
Quercus phellos f. intonsa Fernald
- Quercus phellos f. phellos
-
Quercus phellos var. sylvatica Michx.
-
Quercus phellos var. viridis Aiton[3][4]
Referencias
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Quercus phellos: Brief Summary
(
шпански; кастиљски
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добавил wikipedia ES
Quercus phellos, es una especie del género Quercus dentro de la familia de las Fagaceae. Está clasificada en la Sección Lobatae; del roble rojo de América del Norte, Centroamérica y el norte de América del Sur que tienen los estilos largos, las bellotas maduran en 18 meses y tienen un sabor muy amargo. Las hojas suelen tener lóbulos con las puntas afiladas, con cerdas o con púas en el lóbulo.
Ilustración
Ilustración
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Pajutammi
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Pajutammi (Quercus phellos)[3] on tammien (Quercus) sukuun ja pyökkikasvien heimoon (Fagaceae) kuuluva kesävihanta puulaji. Pajutammi kasvaa luontaisena Pohjois-Amerikassa lähinnä Yhdysvaltain itärannikolla ja eteläosissa. Puun suomenkielinen nimi tulee sen kapeista lehdistä, jotka muistuttavat monien pajujen (Salix) lehtiä.[4]
Kuvaus
Pajutammen lehtiä ja terho.
Pajutammi on keskikokoinen puu. Se kasvaa noin 30 metriä korkeaksi.[2] Sen runko voi kasvaa rinnankorkeusläpimitaltaan noin metrin paksuiseksi.[5] Puun latvus on nuorena kartiomainen ja vanhemmiten pyöreähkö.[6] Puun juuristo on matala ja muodostaa sienijuuria.[5]
Kaarna on tummanharmaata ja nuorena sileää. Vanhemmiten se muuttuu epäsäännöllisen uurteiseksi.[2] Versot ovat punaruskeita ja kaljuja. Silmut ovat ruskeita, kaljuja, teräväkärkisiä ja tavallisesti 2–4 millimetriä pitkiä.[2]
Lehdet ovat yksinkertaisia, ruodillisia ja muodoltaan kapean suikeita tai tasasoukkia. Lehtilapa on 5–12 senttimetriä pitkä, 1–2,5 senttimetriä leveä, suippotyvinen, suippokärkinen ja ehytlaitainen. Lehdet ovat yleensä kaljuja kummaltakin puolelta, mutta saattavat olla hieman karvaisia alapinnaltaan. Lehtiruoti on yleensä 2–4 millimetriä pitkä ja tavallisesti kalju.[2] Uudet lehdet ovat puhjetessaan kellertäviä.[4] Pajutammi on kesävihanta ja varistaa lehtensä talveksi. Lehtien syysväritys on keltainen tai keltaruskea.[6]
Pajutammi on yksikotinen ja hede- ja emikukat kasvavat eri kukinnoissa samassa puussa. Hedekukat ovat keltavihreitä ja hedekukinto on rakenteeltaan norkko. Pienet emikukat kasvavat pienissä muutaman kukan ryhmissä. Kukinta tapahtuu lopputalvella tai keväällä, yleensä ennen lehtien puhkeamista.[5]
Hedelmä on maljamaisen kehdon ympäröimä pähkinä eli tammenterho. Maljamainen kehto peittää suunnilleen yhden kolmanneksen tai neljänneksen pähkinästä. Pähkinä on munanmuotoinen tai puolipallomainen ja usein pinnaltaan uurteinen. Se on 8–12 millimetriä pitkä ja 6,5–10 millimetriä leveä. Terhot kypsyvät seuraavana vuonna pölytyksestä.[2]
Levinneisyys
Pajutammea kasvaa luonnonvaraisena Yhdysvaltain itäosien rannikkotasangolla sekä eteläosissa merenpinnantasosta noin 400 metrin korkeuteen.[5] Sitä esiintyy Alabaman, Arkansasin, Delawaren, Etelä-Carolinan, Floridan, Georgian, Illinoisin, Kentuckyn, Louisianan, Marylandin, Missourin, New Jerseyn, New Yorkin, Oklahoman, Pennsylvanian, Pohjois-Carolinan, Tennesseen, Texasin ja Virginian osavaltioissa sekä Columbian piirikunnan alueella.[2]
Elinympäristö
Pajutammi on kostean, lämpimänlauhkean ilmastoalueen laji. Sen elinalueille ovat tyypillisiä pitkät, kuumat kesät ja lyhyet, leudot talvet. Vuoden keskilämpötila vaihtelee 10 ja 21 celsiusasteen välillä, kesäkuukausien keskilämpötila on 21–27 celsiusastetta ja talvikuukausien −4–13 celsiusastetta. Pajutammen levinneisyysalueella keskimääräinen vuosittainen sademäärä on 1 000–1 500 millimetriä.[5] Pajutammi kasvaa yleensä alluviaalialueilla, tyypillisesti jokien tulvatasangoilla, jokirannoilla ja suistoalueilla. Se menestyy parhaiten syvässä hiesupitoisessa maassa.[5]
Pajutammi muodostaa usein sekametsiä lännenambrapuun (Liquidambar styraciflua), vesitammen (Quercus nigra) ja tammilajin Quercus laurifolia kanssa. Se kasvaa yleisesti myös yhdessä loblollymännyn (Pinus taeda), punavaahteran (Acer rubrum), hikkorilajin Carya aquatica, keltislajin Celtis laevigata, amerikanpersimonin (Diospyros virginiana), kolmioan (Gleditsia triacanthos), punasaarnin (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), amerikanmustapoppelin (Populus deltoides), tammilajien Quercus lyrata, Quercus michauxii ja Quercus pagoda sekä valkojalavan (Ulmus americana) ja setrijalavan (Ulmus crassifolia) kanssa.[5]
Pajutammi viihtyy parhaiten aurinkoisella tai puolivarjoisella paikalla. Se ei kestä tulta ja metsäpalot tuhoavat usein kaikki pajutammet alueeltaan. Myös useat hyönteiset ja sienitaudit voivat vakavasti vahingoittaa puita.[5]
Käyttö
Pajutammea käytetään koristepuuna ja katupuuna varsinkin Pohjois-Amerikassa.[4] Se sietää suhteellisen hyvin kuivuutta, kuumuutta, ilmansaasteita ja seisovaa vettä.[6] Tulvansietokykynsä ansiosta se soveltuu myös ehkäisemään eroosiota ja sitomaan maata ajoittain veden peittämille jokien ja altaiden reuna-alueille. Se sietää huonosti leikkausta ja leikattujen oksien paraneminen kestää vuosia.[5]
Pajutammi risteytyy sekä luonnossa että viljelyssä lukuisten muiden lähisukuisten tammilajien kanssa. Näitä ovat ainakin purppuratammi (Quercus coccinea), Quercus hemisphaerica, Quercus ilicifolia, paanutammi (Quercus imbricaria), Quercus incana, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus ludoviciana, patukkatammi (Quercus marilandica), vesitammi, otatammi (Quercus palustris), Quercus pumila, punatammi (Quercus rubra), Quercus shumardii ja mustatammi (Quercus velutina).[2]
Lähteet
- Kevin C. Nixon: Quercus phellos Flora of North America. eFloras.org. (englanniksi)
- Alan Mitchell & John Wilkinson: Euroopan puuopas, s. 152. Suomentanut Arto Kurtto. Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, 2009. ISBN 951-1-14705-6.
- Bryce E. Schlaegel: Willow Oak, Quercus phellos Silvics Manual, vol. 2. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. (englanniksi)
Viitteet
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Pajutammi: Brief Summary
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фински
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добавил wikipedia FI
Pajutammi (Quercus phellos) on tammien (Quercus) sukuun ja pyökkikasvien heimoon (Fagaceae) kuuluva kesävihanta puulaji. Pajutammi kasvaa luontaisena Pohjois-Amerikassa lähinnä Yhdysvaltain itärannikolla ja eteläosissa. Puun suomenkielinen nimi tulee sen kapeista lehdistä, jotka muistuttavat monien pajujen (Salix) lehtiä.
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Quercus phellos
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француски
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Quercus phellos, le Chêne à feuilles de Saule, est une espèce d'arbres du genre Quercus et de la section Lobatae. L'espèce est présente aux États-Unis. Un exemplaire de plus de 610 ans se trouve en Allemagne[2].
Notes et références
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Quercus phellos: Brief Summary
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Répartition naturelle.
Quercus phellos, le Chêne à feuilles de Saule, est une espèce d'arbres du genre Quercus et de la section Lobatae. L'espèce est présente aux États-Unis. Un exemplaire de plus de 610 ans se trouve en Allemagne.
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Quercus phellos
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Quercus phellos L., 1753 è un albero appartenente alla famiglia delle Fagaceae diffuso negli Stati Uniti d'America.[2]
Distribuzione e habitat
È originario degli Stati Uniti orientali e centrali; si trova da Long Island Sound a sud fino al nord della Florida e a ovest fino all'Illinois meridionale, Missouri, Oklahoma e Texas orientale.[3][4]
Si trova più comunemente nelle pianure alluvionali, spesso lungo i corsi d'acqua, ma raramente anche in alcuni altopiani, fino a 400 metri di altitudine.
Note
-
^ (EN) Wenzell , K. & Kenny, L. 2015, Quercus phellos, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 4 febbraio 2022.
-
^ (EN) Quercus phellos, su Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 4 febbraio 2022.
-
^ http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Quercus%20phellos.png
-
^ https://books.google.it/books?id=GyAlAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA179&dq=Quercus+phellos+linnaeus+1753&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiL-tWAneX1AhUiSfEDHd-EAQQQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Quercus%20phellos%20linnaeus%201753&f=false
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Quercus phellos: Brief Summary
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Quercus phellos L., 1753 è un albero appartenente alla famiglia delle Fagaceae diffuso negli Stati Uniti d'America.
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Pileik
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Pileik (Quercus phellos) er et løvfellende tre som vokser i sørøstlige USA.
Den blir opptil 30 m høy. Barken er grå og glatt på unge trær, men blir etterhvert ru og furete. Bladene minner om pileblader. De er hele, avlange til lansettformede, 12–20 cm lange og 1–2,5 cm brede. Nøttene bruker 1,5 år på å bli modne. De er 1 cm store med en grunn skål.
Pileik vokser på fuktig mark i lavlandet sammen med blant annet vasseik, ambratre, rødlønn, virginiapoppel, korstorn, Diospyros virginiana, hagtorn og amerikaagnbøk. Utbredelsen omfatter kystslettene fra New Jersey og sørøstlige Pennsylvania sørover til Georgia og nordlige Florida, vestover til østlige Texas, og nordover i Mississippi-dalen til sørøstlige Oklahoma, Arkansas, sørøstlige Missouri, sørlige Illinois, sørlige Kentucky og vestlige Tennessee.
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Pileik: Brief Summary
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добавил wikipedia NO
Pileik (Quercus phellos) er et løvfellende tre som vokser i sørøstlige USA.
Den blir opptil 30 m høy. Barken er grå og glatt på unge trær, men blir etterhvert ru og furete. Bladene minner om pileblader. De er hele, avlange til lansettformede, 12–20 cm lange og 1–2,5 cm brede. Nøttene bruker 1,5 år på å bli modne. De er 1 cm store med en grunn skål.
Pileik vokser på fuktig mark i lavlandet sammen med blant annet vasseik, ambratre, rødlønn, virginiapoppel, korstorn, Diospyros virginiana, hagtorn og amerikaagnbøk. Utbredelsen omfatter kystslettene fra New Jersey og sørøstlige Pennsylvania sørover til Georgia og nordlige Florida, vestover til østlige Texas, og nordover i Mississippi-dalen til sørøstlige Oklahoma, Arkansas, sørøstlige Missouri, sørlige Illinois, sørlige Kentucky og vestlige Tennessee.
Vekstform
Bark
Nøtter
Høstfarge
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Dąb wierzbolistny
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Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Dąb wierzbolistny (Quercus phellos L.) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae Dumort.). Występuje naturalnie w południowych i wschodnich Stanach Zjednoczonych – w Alabamie, Arkansas, Connecticut, Dystrykcie Kolumbii, Delaware, na Florydzie, w Georgii, Illinois, Kentucky, Luizjanie, Marylandzie, Missouri, Missisipi, Karolinie Północnej, New Jersey, stanie Nowy Jork, Oklahomie, Pensylwanii, Karolinie Południowej, Tennessee, Teksasie i Wirginii[3][4][5].
Morfologia
Liście (widoczny także żołądź)
- Pokrój
- Zrzucające liście drzewo dorastające do 30 m wysokości. Kora ma ciemnoszarą barwę, początkowo jest gładka, lecz z czasem staje się spękana[5].
- Liście
- Blaszka liściowa ma kształt od równowąskiego do eliptycznego. Mierzy 5–12 cm długości oraz 1–2,5 cm szerokości, jest całobrzega, ma ostrokątną nasadę i ostry wierzchołek. Ogonek liściowy jest nagi i ma 2–4 mm długości[5].
- Owoce
- Orzechy zwane żołędziami o kształcie od jajowatego do półkulistego, dorastają do 8–12 mm długości i 7–10 mm średnicy. Osadzone są pojedynczo w miseczkach w kształcie kubka, które mierzą 3–7 mm długości i 8–11 mm średnicy. Orzechy otulone są w miseczkach do 25–35% ich długości[5].
Biologia i ekologia
Rośnie na wydmach oraz brzegach rzek, na terenach nizinnych[5].
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Dąb wierzbolistny: Brief Summary
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Dąb wierzbolistny (Quercus phellos L.) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae Dumort.). Występuje naturalnie w południowych i wschodnich Stanach Zjednoczonych – w Alabamie, Arkansas, Connecticut, Dystrykcie Kolumbii, Delaware, na Florydzie, w Georgii, Illinois, Kentucky, Luizjanie, Marylandzie, Missouri, Missisipi, Karolinie Północnej, New Jersey, stanie Nowy Jork, Oklahomie, Pensylwanii, Karolinie Południowej, Tennessee, Teksasie i Wirginii.
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Quercus phellos
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Quercus phellos[1] är en bokväxtart som beskrevs av Carl von Linné. Quercus phellos ingår i släktet ekar, och familjen bokväxter.[2][3] Inga underarter finns listade.[2]
Namn
Arten kallas på engelska Willow Oak. Av svenskarna i Nya Sverige kallades den kärrek.[4]
Bildgalleri
Källor
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^ L., 1753 In: Sp. Pl. : 994
- ^ [a b] Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed) (25 april 2014). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/9723699. Läst 26 maj 2014.
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^ WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
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^ Pehr Kalm, Pehr Kalms resa till Norra Amerika, Helsingfors 1904, del 2, sid. 141.
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Quercus phellos: Brief Summary
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добавил wikipedia SV
Quercus phellos är en bokväxtart som beskrevs av Carl von Linné. Quercus phellos ingår i släktet ekar, och familjen bokväxter. Inga underarter finns listade.
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Quercus phellos
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добавил wikipedia VI
Quercus phellos là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]
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Quercus phellos: Brief Summary
(
виетнамски
)
добавил wikipedia VI
Quercus phellos là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.
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