Sium suave, the water parsnip or hemlock waterparsnip, is a perennial wildflower in the family Apiaceae. It is native to many areas of both Asia and North America. The common name water parsnip is due to its similarity to parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) and its wetland habitat. The alternate common name hemlock waterparsnip is due to its similarity to the highly poisonous spotted water hemlock (Cicuta maculata).
Sium suave, also widely known as water parsnip, is a wildflower native to parts of the northern hemisphere[3] and thriving in primarily wetland habitats.[4] Sium suave belongs to the carrot family, Apiaceae.[5] Water parsnip blooms from July to August[6] and creates many small white flowers with umbel inflorescences.[7] Sium suave resembles a few quite poisonous plants, and consumption should be avoided.[6] There is a vast number of insect species of bees, beetles, wasps, butterflies, and flies that visit this plant for its nectar and pollen.[4] Sium come from the Latin sion meaning water parsley, and suave comes from the Latin suâvis meaning sweet.[8]
The shape and size of the leaves depends on the environment in which S. suave grows. Basil rosette leaves form on moist ground at around 3.8 cm long, and in shallow water they grow in clusters of aquatic leaves.[4] Once leaves are formed this flowering plant stands up to 3 meters tall with stems that are 5 cm in diameter.[5] Water parsnip has light green and glabrous stems with longitudinal veins and few branches. Leaves along the stems are alternate and odd-pinnate.[4] Water parsnip flowers are perfect (both male and female) and are self-fertile.[6] The pedicels are 3–5 mm long and the fruit is ovoid. The fruit is dry but does not split open when ripe. The flowers have umbellule inflorescence with 10-20 white flowers.[7] These white flowers are small (~3.2 mm across) with 5 petals. The petals can sometimes be of unequal size and are somewhat heart shaped.[9]
Sium suave is a member of the order Apiales and the family Apiaceae, the celery, carrot and parsley family (also known as Umbelliferae). This family contains about 445 genera and about 3540 species. Some distinctive characteristics of this family include compound leaf, simple or compound umbel inflorescence containing many small flowers, 2 styles, 2-carpellate ovary, and a schizocarp fruit that splits into 2 mericarps. This species belongs to the genus Sium which is made up of about 9 species. Species in Sium are all perennial herbs of the northern hemisphere.[5] Some common characteristics of this genus include serrate leaves with teeth turned inward and slightly overlapping, flowers in bracteate umbels with conspicuous involucels, five small teeth on calyx, white petals that are obcordate with inflexed apex, styles with depressed conical base which spread or recurve above, fruit that are laterally flattened with mericarp exhibiting 5 ridges, and subterete seeds.[10] The diploid number of chromosomes for Suim suave is 22.[11] The Kutenai call water parsnip nakhankam (Ktunaxa: naq̓an̓kam).[12] Sium suave (from the Latin sium, the Latinization of Greek sion, meaning "water parsley," and suâvis, meaning "sweet."), the hemlock waterparsnip or water parsnip, is a herb native to parts of Canada, Asia, and North America. Synonyms for S. suave include Sium cicutifolium Schrank, Sium floridanum Small, Sium suave Walter var. floridanum (Small) C.F. Reed,[13] Apium cicutifolia (J.F.Gmel.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex F.B.Forbes & Hemsl., Cicuta dahurica Fisch. ex Schultz, Sium cicutifolium Schrenk, Sium formosanum Hayata, and Sium nipponicum Maxim.[14] According to a molecular phylogeny created with maximum parsimony heuristic searches using a 59-sequence data set of Sium s.l., Helosciadium, Cryptotaenia, and outgroups, the sister groups of S. suave are Sium medium found in Central Asia and Sium latifolium found in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and Western Asia.[15]
Sium suave grows in wetland habitats (sandy and non-sandy). These wetland habits include wet prairies, bottoms of seeps, low areas along springs, soggy thickets, swamps, borders and shallow water of ponds, marshes, and ditches.[4] It is native to both North America and Asia in Canada, the United States, Japan, Russian Federation, South Korea, and China.[3]
Extreme caution should be practiced when using this plant for food because it resembles the very poisonous Cicuta maculata (Spotted Water Hemlock).[a] Edible parts of Sium suave include the root in the spring and fall, either raw or cooked; it has a nutty flavor. The leaves are also sometimes used for condiments such as relish. Crushed water parsnip roots have also been used as an analgesic (pain reliever) in cases of broken limbs.[6]
Water parsnip should be grown in wet mucky soil / sand or in standing water up to an inch and a half deep. It also prefers partial to full sun.[4] The seeds should be sown in late winter to early spring during a cold frame. Sium suave is in flower from July to August while the seeds ripen from September to October.[6] It has been shown to accumulate arsenic and heavy metals near abandoned mine tailings in South Korea.[16] In the presence of added N03-N to the ground, water parsnip shows increased production.[17]
These flowers attract a wide variety of insects. While most insects are attracted to the nectar of the flower, bees seek both their nectar and pollen. These include 21 species of bees, 73 species of flies, 91 species of wasps,4 species of plant bugs, 5 species of butterflies, and 19 species of beetles.[4] Two types of physodermas have been found to parasitize S. suave. Type I physoderm causes conspicuous black pustules on several parts of the plant including the stem, petiole, leaflet lemina, and flowers. Type II physoderma formed abundant resting spores and epibiotic sporangia on seedlings of S. suave.[18] The stems and leaves of this plant are toxic to livestock.[8]
Footnotes
Citations
Sium suave, the water parsnip or hemlock waterparsnip, is a perennial wildflower in the family Apiaceae. It is native to many areas of both Asia and North America. The common name water parsnip is due to its similarity to parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) and its wetland habitat. The alternate common name hemlock waterparsnip is due to its similarity to the highly poisonous spotted water hemlock (Cicuta maculata).
Sium suave (chirivía de agua) es una especie de planta de la familia Apiaceae. Es una planta perenne nativa de numerosas regiones de Asia y América del Norte.
La chirivía de agua, es una flor silvestre nativa de sectores del hemisferio norte[1] y prospera en hábitats principalmente de humedales.[2] Sium suave pertenece a la familia Apiaceae, que también es la familia de las zanahorias.[3] Florece de julio a agosto[4] y produce muchas pequeñas flores blancas con inflorescencias umbelas.[5] Sium suave es similar a algunas plantas bastante venenosas, y se debe evitar el consumo.[4] Existe una gran cantidad de insectos de abejas, escarabajos, avispas, mariposas y moscas que visitan esta planta por su néctar y polen.[2] Sium proviene del vocablo en Latín sion que significa perejil de agua, y suave proviene del latín suâvis que significa dulce.[6]
La forma y el tamaño de las hojas depende del entorno en el que crece S. suave. Las hojas en forma de roseta de albahaca alcanzan unos 3.9 cm de largo en un suelo húmedo, y en aguas poco profundas crecen en racimos de hojas acuáticas.[2] Una vez que se forman las hojas, esta planta alcanza hasta 3 metros de altura con tallos de 5 cm de diámetro.[3] La chirivía de agua tiene tallos verde claro y glaborosos con venas longitudinales y pocas ramas. Las hojas a lo largo de los tallos son alternas y pinnadas impares.[2] Las flores de chirivía de agua son perfectas (tanto masculinas como femeninas) y son autofértiles.[4] Los pedículos miden de 3 a 5 mm de largo y la fruta es ovoide. La fruta es seca pero no se abre cuando está madura. Las flores tienen inflorescencia en forma de umbelas con 10-20 flores blancas.[5] Estas flores blancas son pequeñas (~ 3.2 mm ) con 5 pétalos. Los pétalos a veces pueden ser de tamaño desigual y tienen forma de corazón.[7]
Su raíz es comestible tanto cruda como cocida, la misma posee un sabor a nuez. Si bien la raíz es comestible en primavera y otoño, es preciso tener una precaución extrema ya que la planta se asemeja a algunas otras plantas extremadamente venenosas. A veces las hojas son utilizadas como condimentos. Las raíces machacadas a veces son utilizadas como analgésico en caso de rotura de huesos.[4] La planta venenosa a la que más se asemeja es Cicuta maculata.[6]
Sium suave (chirivía de agua) es una especie de planta de la familia Apiaceae. Es una planta perenne nativa de numerosas regiones de Asia y América del Norte.
Sium suave là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hoa tán. Loài này được Walter miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1788.[1]
Sium suave là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hoa tán. Loài này được Walter miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1788.
泽芹(学名:Sium suave),又名山藁本、细叶零余子,是伞形科泽芹属的植物。分布于北美、西伯利亚、亚洲以及中国大陆的东北、华东、华北等地,生长于海拔140米至1,100米的地区,一般生长在湿草甸子、沼泽、溪边及水边较潮湿处,目前尚未由人工引种栽培。
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中的日期值 (帮助) 泽芹(学名:Sium suave),又名山藁本、细叶零余子,是伞形科泽芹属的植物。分布于北美、西伯利亚、亚洲以及中国大陆的东北、华东、华北等地,生长于海拔140米至1,100米的地区,一般生长在湿草甸子、沼泽、溪边及水边较潮湿处,目前尚未由人工引种栽培。
개발나물(Sium suave, 문화어: 가락잎물)은 미나리과의 여러해살이풀이다. 한국 전역의 물가에서 자란다.
전체에 털이 없고 뿌리줄기는 백색의 수염이 많이 난다. 높이는 1m 정도이다. 잎은 기수 우상복엽으로 잎자루가 길고 위로 올라갈수록 잎자루와 잎이 모두 작다. 잎자루 아랫부분이 잎집이 된다. 작은잎은 7-17개로 선상 피침형이고 끝의 잎 이외에는 작은 잎자루가 없으며, 끝이 뾰족하고 예리한 톱니가 있다. 8월에 백색 꽃이 줄기와 가지 끝에 피는데, 복산형꽃차례를 이룬다. 총포는 5-6개로서 선형이고 젖혀지며, 꽃가지는 10-20개의 작은 꽃가지로 갈라지며 각각 10여 개의 꽃이 달린다. 열매는 10~11월경에 맺으며 길이는 2.5~3mm로 타원형으로 독이 있다.
관리법 : 직접적인 광을 받지 않는 화단에 심는다. 약용식물로 재배하는 곳이 많다. 번식법 : 11월에 받은 종자는 보관 후 이른 봄 화단에 뿌리고, 포기나누기는 가을이나 봄에 한다.
어린순은 식용(유독성식물), 한방에서 뿌리를 신경통약으로 쓴다.