dcsimg
Image de Calmar-luciole
Life » » Animaux » » Mollusques » Céphalopodes » » Enoploteuthidae »

Calmar Luciole

Watasenia scintillans (Berry 1911)

Associations ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

The photophores along the body of the squid can be used against predators in either a warning form or as counter-illumination camouflage. The northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus, is a known predator.

Known Predators:

  • Northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus

Anti-predator Adaptations: aposematic ; cryptic

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Patel, K. and D. Pee 2011. "Watasenia scintillans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Watasenia_scintillans.html
auteur
Krupa Patel, Rutgers University
auteur
Dorothy Pee, Rutgers University
rédacteur
David V. Howe, Rutgers University
rédacteur
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Morphology ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

Watasenia scintillans is a small cephalopod, growing to 7-8 cm. The firefly squid is equipped with special light producing organs called photophores. Photophores are found in many parts of the body but large ones are usually found on the tips of the tentacles as well as around the eyes. These lights can be flashed in unison or alternated in patterns. This squid has arms with hooks and tentacles with hooks and one series of suckers. The mouth cavity has dark pigmentation.

Average length: 7.62 cm.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Patel, K. and D. Pee 2011. "Watasenia scintillans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Watasenia_scintillans.html
auteur
Krupa Patel, Rutgers University
auteur
Dorothy Pee, Rutgers University
rédacteur
David V. Howe, Rutgers University
rédacteur
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

The firefly squid lives for about one year.

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Patel, K. and D. Pee 2011. "Watasenia scintillans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Watasenia_scintillans.html
auteur
Krupa Patel, Rutgers University
auteur
Dorothy Pee, Rutgers University
rédacteur
David V. Howe, Rutgers University
rédacteur
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Habitat ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

Watasenia scintillans is a marine animal found in depths of 200 to 400 meters.

Range depth: 200 to 400 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; saltwater or marine

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Patel, K. and D. Pee 2011. "Watasenia scintillans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Watasenia_scintillans.html
auteur
Krupa Patel, Rutgers University
auteur
Dorothy Pee, Rutgers University
rédacteur
David V. Howe, Rutgers University
rédacteur
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Distribution ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

The geographic range of Watasenia scintillans is the Western Pacific ocean around Japan.

Biogeographic Regions: pacific ocean (Native )

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Patel, K. and D. Pee 2011. "Watasenia scintillans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Watasenia_scintillans.html
auteur
Krupa Patel, Rutgers University
auteur
Dorothy Pee, Rutgers University
rédacteur
David V. Howe, Rutgers University
rédacteur
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Behavior ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

The photophores along the body and tentacles of the Watasenia scintillans are used to attract prey, provide camouflage, frighten predators, and to attract a mate. The firefly squid also has highly developed vision. Its eyes contain three different types of light-sensitive cells and are believed to be capable of distinguishing different colors.

Communication Channels: visual

Other Communication Modes: photic/bioluminescent

Perception Channels: visual

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Patel, K. and D. Pee 2011. "Watasenia scintillans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Watasenia_scintillans.html
auteur
Krupa Patel, Rutgers University
auteur
Dorothy Pee, Rutgers University
rédacteur
David V. Howe, Rutgers University
rédacteur
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

Watasenia scintillans is not protected under any conservation program.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Patel, K. and D. Pee 2011. "Watasenia scintillans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Watasenia_scintillans.html
auteur
Krupa Patel, Rutgers University
auteur
Dorothy Pee, Rutgers University
rédacteur
David V. Howe, Rutgers University
rédacteur
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Life Cycle ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

Fertilized eggs hatch in 6-14 days depending on the water temperature, which varies from six to 16 degrees Celsius. Higher temperatures encourage quicker hatching.

At 15 degrees Celsius, one hour after fertilization, polar bodies appear, followed in five hours with first cleaveage. By 10 hours, 100 or more cells have been formed, and around 16 hours the embryonic lobe has been developed. The embryonic lobe covers about half of the egg in a day and a half. In four days, primordial eyes are present and oral depression starts. A day later, primordial arms, mantle, and funnel appear and then chromatophores appear on the mantle and the eyes are developed. Final organ and chromatophore formation and hatching occurs in 8-8.5 days.

Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Patel, K. and D. Pee 2011. "Watasenia scintillans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Watasenia_scintillans.html
auteur
Krupa Patel, Rutgers University
auteur
Dorothy Pee, Rutgers University
rédacteur
David V. Howe, Rutgers University
rédacteur
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

Eating raw Watasenia scintillans, known in Japan as Hotaruika, that is infected with spirurina type X larvae, belonging to the phylum Nematoda, can cause abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, creeping eruption, and ileus (bowel obstruction).

Negative Impacts: injures humans (causes disease in humans )

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Patel, K. and D. Pee 2011. "Watasenia scintillans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Watasenia_scintillans.html
auteur
Krupa Patel, Rutgers University
auteur
Dorothy Pee, Rutgers University
rédacteur
David V. Howe, Rutgers University
rédacteur
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

Watasenia scintillans can be eaten raw, known as Hotaruika in Japan, or cooked. These species of squid also draw large crowds during their spawning season at Toyama Bay in Japan. The large schools that swim up to the shallow waters light up the dark water along the shore, giving tourists a nighttime show. This spectacle has led to the bay being named a Special Natural Monument and construction of a museum devoted to the species.

Positive Impacts: food ; ecotourism

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Patel, K. and D. Pee 2011. "Watasenia scintillans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Watasenia_scintillans.html
auteur
Krupa Patel, Rutgers University
auteur
Dorothy Pee, Rutgers University
rédacteur
David V. Howe, Rutgers University
rédacteur
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

Watasenia scintillans are prey for northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus and is a predator of shrimp, fish, and planktonic crustaceans. This squid is also a host to nematode larvae.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Nematoda
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Patel, K. and D. Pee 2011. "Watasenia scintillans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Watasenia_scintillans.html
auteur
Krupa Patel, Rutgers University
auteur
Dorothy Pee, Rutgers University
rédacteur
David V. Howe, Rutgers University
rédacteur
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

Watasenia scintillans consumes a diet consisting of shrimp, crabs, fish, and planktonic crustaceans. The photophores on the tips of its tentacles are used in a flashing pattern to attract prey, especially fish.

Animal Foods: fish; aquatic crustaceans; other marine invertebrates; zooplankton

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats non-insect arthropods)

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Patel, K. and D. Pee 2011. "Watasenia scintillans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Watasenia_scintillans.html
auteur
Krupa Patel, Rutgers University
auteur
Dorothy Pee, Rutgers University
rédacteur
David V. Howe, Rutgers University
rédacteur
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( anglais )

fourni par Animal Diversity Web

Bioluminescent photophores can attract mates and be used for communication with other squids.

The spawning season runs from March to May. During this time, firefly squids can be seen gathering in large numbers to lay their eggs. Once the eggs have been released into the water and fertilized, the adult squid die. This completes the one-year life cycle of the squid.

Breeding interval: Once yearly

Breeding season: March - May

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.

Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; broadcast (group) spawning; oviparous

Adult firefly squids die after eggs have been released into the water and fertilized.

Parental Investment: no parental involvement

licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Patel, K. and D. Pee 2011. "Watasenia scintillans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Watasenia_scintillans.html
auteur
Krupa Patel, Rutgers University
auteur
Dorothy Pee, Rutgers University
rédacteur
David V. Howe, Rutgers University
rédacteur
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
Animal Diversity Web

Comprehensive Description ( anglais )

fourni par Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Watasenia scintillans (Berry, 1911)

ORIGINAL REFERENCE.—Abraliopsis scintillans Berry, 1911:93.

DEPOSITION OF TYPES.—Holotype: CASIZ 21667 (previously 453), female, 59 mm ML, Japan (label lost, exact locality and date unknown), SSB no. 147.

Paratypes: USNM 816498, 2 females, 52 mm ML, 55 mm ML, same lot as holotype, dried and in very poor condition.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.—Off Japan (Okutani, 1967; Okutani et al., 1987; Tsuchiya, 1993).

COMMENTS.—Considerable confusion exists concerning the type locality of this species. In the original description, Berry (1911:94) gave measurements and locality (Japan) for only one specimen. In a subsequent paper, Berry (1912:425, figs 3, 4, pls. 7–9: figs. 1–6) expanded the species description, elaborated on the locality (Japan, probably off Misaki (Alan Owston?)), and gave his catalog number (SSB 147, cotypes, 3 females) for the type lot. In addition, he listed three other females examined (taken at Misaki by Ishikawa, SSB 279). The following year Berry (1913c:591) attempted to correct his locality information and wrote that “I had supposed my specimens to have been taken at Misaki, Sagami, but Drs. Ijima and Ishikawa have written me that this locality is probably erroneous. Ishikawa states that my specimens No. 279 really came from Uwotu on the Japan Sea, Watase quotes Toyama as a locality, and I have recently received specimens from Namerigawa, Ecchiu.” The correction of the locality of SSB 279, however, does not change the type locality, as SSB 279 is not part of the type series. Berry's entry for SSB 147, on 18 February 1911, in his specimen card-catalog states that (1) the specimens were found in the L.S.J.U. collections without any label and (2) Dr. Heath thinks them R/V Albatross material and most probably from Monterey Bay, California. Therefore, the type locality must simply be Japan with the more exact locality unknown.

Abralia japonica Ishikawa, 1929, is a synonym (Tsuchiya and Okutani, 1988). Data of Sasaki (1914) indicate that this is a mesopelagic-boundary species.

PYROTEUTHIDAE Pfeffer, 1912

TYPE GENUS.—Pyroteuthis Hoyle, 1904.

DIAGNOSIS.—Buccal crown with 7 or 8 supports. Buccal connectives attached to dorsal margins of arms IV. Secondary buccal connectives attached to ventral margins of arms I and II. Gladius with small, strongly pointed conus and elongate cone field; rostrum absent. Hooks present on (at least) arms I–III; presence on tentacular club varies with genus; armature on manus always in 4 series. Photophores present on viscera, eyeballs, and tentacles. Photophores absent from fins, mantle, funnel, head, and arms. Nidamental glands present; oviducal glands normal on one side, may be reduced or absent on other side. Oviduct single or unpaired. Fins subterminal; posterior lobes present. Tail not fleshy; vesicles absent. Nuchal folds absent. Tentacles with permanent constriction and bend near base; stalk “ligament” and vein leave tentacle distal to base and not in membrane. Ink sac embedded in digestive gland.

Pyroteuthis Hoyle, 1904

TYPE SPECIES.—Enoploteuthis marqaritifera Rüppell, 1844, by indication.

DIAGNOSIS.—More than 13 hooks per arm; hooks in 2 series; hooks present on arms IV. Tentacular club with 1 series of hooks on manus, 3 series of suckers on manus. Eyeball photophore number 6 (= lidded photophore) absent (numbering based on Pterygioteuthis eye, Chun 1910, pl. XIV: fig. 6). Six or 7 separated photophores in tentacular stalk. Oviducts unpaired (right oviducal gland may be reduced in size depending on species). Right arm IV hectocotylized; toothed plate absent.
licence
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
citation bibliographique
Voss, N. A. and Sweeney, M. J. 1998. "Systematics and Biogeography of cephalopods. Volume I." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-276. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.586

Leuchtkalmar ( allemand )

fourni par wikipedia DE

Der Leuchtkalmar (Watasenia scintillans) ist ein Tintenfisch (Coleoidea) und gehört zur Klasse der Kopffüßer (Cephalopoda).

Beschreibung

Der Leuchtkalmar ist eine kleine Tintenfischart, die nur etwa 7,5 bis 8 cm groß wird. Sie besitzt, wie für Tintenfische üblich, zehn Arme, von denen zwei verlängert sind und als Tentakel dienen. Acht Arme sind mit gestielten Saugnäpfen besetzt. Die Tentakel sind frei von Saugnäpfen und besitzen 2 bis 3 Haken in einer Reihe. Am Hinterende des Körpers dienen zwei seitliche Flossen der raschen Fortbewegung. Die Tiere besitzen über den Körper verteilt pigmenthaltige Zellen, Chromatophoren, und lichtaussendende Zellen von Photophoren, die lumineszieren (Photophoren jedoch nicht an der Dorsalseite). Die Art kann mit ihren hochentwickelten Linsenaugen Farben unterscheiden.

Ernährung

Der Leuchtkalmar lockt mit den Photophoren kleine Fische an, die er dann mit den Armen umfängt.

Verbreitung

Die Art kommt nur auf dem Schelf und den flacheren Gewässern um Japan herum und im Chinesischen Meer bis im Norden zum Ochotskischen Meer vor. Die Tiere leben normalerweise in einer Tiefe von 200 bis 400 m, kommen aber zur Paarung und zur Eiablage in flachere Gewässer und in der Toyama-Bucht des Japanischen Meeres auch verhältnismäßig nahe an die Küsten.

Entwicklung

Die Eier werden hauptsächlich in den Monaten Februar bis Juli in den oberen 80 m im freien Wasser abgelegt. In manchen Gegenden erfolgt die Eiablage fast das gesamte Jahr hindurch. Ein Weibchen kann bis zu 20.000 Eier in Strängen bis 1 m Länge ablegen. Das einzelne Ei misst etwa 1,5×1 mm. Die Jungen schlüpfen in Abhängigkeit von der Wassertemperatur nach 6 bis 14 Tagen aus den Eiern (je wärmer das Wasser, desto schneller schlüpfen die Jungen). Der Schlüpfling misst etwa 1,2 bis 1,4 mm. Die durchschnittliche Lebenserwartung der Tiere beträgt nur etwa 1 Jahr.

Feinde

Leuchtkalmare werden von großen Grundfischen und Verwandten der Lachse gejagt.

Bedeutung für die Fischerei

Der Leuchtkalmar wird in Gewässern um Japan kommerziell gefischt. Zwischen 1990 und 1999 wurden jedes Jahr etwa zwischen 5000 und 7000 Tonnen gefangen. Die Tiere werden zwischen März und Juni gefischt.

Taxonomie

Die Art ist die einzige Art der Gattung Watasenia (Ishikawa, 1914).

Literatur

  • Richard E.Young, L. A. Burgess, C. F. E. Roper, M. J. Sweeney and S. J. Stephen: Classification of the Enoploteuthidae, Pyroteuthidae and Ancistrocheiridae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 586: 239-255, Washington, D.C. 1998.
  • Kir N. Nesis & Lourdes A. Burgess (ed.): Cephalopods of the world: squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses, and allies. 351 S., Neptune City, N.J. 1987.

Weblinks

 title=
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia DE

Leuchtkalmar: Brief Summary ( allemand )

fourni par wikipedia DE

Der Leuchtkalmar (Watasenia scintillans) ist ein Tintenfisch (Coleoidea) und gehört zur Klasse der Kopffüßer (Cephalopoda).

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia DE

Firefly squid ( anglais )

fourni par wikipedia EN

The firefly squid (Watasenia scintillans), also commonly known as the sparkling enope squid or hotaru-ika in Japan,[3] is a species of squid in the family Enoploteuthidae.[4] It is the sole species in the monotypic genus Watasenia.[4] These tiny squid are found on the shores of Japan in springtime during spawning season, but spend most of their lives in deeper waters between 200 and 400 metres (700 and 1,300 feet; 100 and 200 fathoms).[5] They are bioluminescent organisms and emit blue light from photophores, which some scientists have hypothesized could be used for communication, camouflage, or attracting food, but it is still unclear in the scientific community exactly how this species uses their bioluminescence.[3] The firefly squid is a predator and actively hunts its food, which includes copepods, small fish, and other squids.[3] The lifespan of a firefly squid is about one year. At the end of their lives, females return close to shore to release their eggs and then die shortly thereafter. This mass migration of firefly squid to the shore is a lucrative business for Japanese fishermen, and during spawning season many go out to the bays to collect the dying squid. Many more also visit Japan during spawning season to see the bright blue light created from the firefly squid's bioluminescence light up the bay, making their spawning season not only a fishing opportunity but also a tourist attraction.[5]

Anatomy and morphology

Diagram illustrating the basic features of a generic squid. The mantle, eyes, arms, tentacles, buccal membrane, and typical suckers are all shown in this diagram.

The firefly squid belongs to the Cephalopoda class and the superorder Decapodiformes, commonly known as squid. Their body consists of a distinct head and mantle, and has a bilaterally symmetrical layout. They are soft-bodied organisms with a skeletal structure composed of chitin. They have relatively large eyes, eight arms, and two tentacles. They are further classified into the order Oegopsida for possessing the characteristic traits of having no tentacle pockets in the head and no suckers on the buccal supports. They belong to the family of Enoploteuthidae, based on the hooks on their tentacles.

On average, an adult firefly squid is approximately 7.5 cm (3 in) in length.[3] They are brown/red in color, but emit blue and green light by their photophores. Firefly squid possess three types of photophores.[6] There are multiple (800-1000) small photophores covering the ventral surface of its body, five larger photophores around the lower margins of each eye, and three very large photophores at the tip of each of the fourth pair of ventral legs.[7][6] The photophores that dot the body of the squid produce two different wavelengths of light (both blue and green bioluminescence) while those around the eye and on the legs only produce blue light.[8] The reactant luciferin and the necessary enzyme luciferase are located in a crystalline structure within rod-like bodies in their photophores.[9][10] Firefly squid are the only cephalopods to have this structural arrangement which increases the efficiency of its bioluminescence and allows the light to be directed downward in a cone-like projection.[11] This directed cone of bioluminescence is hypothesized to allow the Firefly squid to better detect its prey and predators from below and attract small fish to eat.[11] The photophores on the tips of its fourth ventral legs produce a very intense light that can be seen by the naked eye.[12]

Distribution

The firefly squid inhabits the waters off the coast of Japan.[13][14] The depth at which these squids can be found varies (300–400 m or 1,000–1,300 ft during the day, and 20–60 m or 70–200 ft during the night) over the course of a day,[14] as they are one of the several species of squid that participates in diel vertical migration.[14][15] For this reason, they also experience a significant change in environmental temperatures throughout the course of a day(3–6 °C or 37–43 °F during the day and 5–15 °C or 41–59 °F during the night).[14] The firefly squid is especially well known for its yearly migration to the coastal waters of Toyama Bay for the purpose of reproduction.[13][14][15]

Diet and predators

The diet of a firefly squid changes throughout its life stages. During its paralarval stage, its diet is primarily composed of calanoid copepods (zooplankton). Subadult and adult stages see an increase in dietary diversity to include planktonic crustaceans, fishes, and squid.[16]

Firefly squid face high predation rates and may serve as the primary food source for some predatory species including northern fur seals, particularly during their yearly migration.[13][17] The squid spends the day at depths of several hundred meters, returning to the surface when night falls. It uses its abilities to sense and produce light for counter-illumination camouflage: it matches the brightness and colour of its underside to the light coming from the surface, making it difficult for predators to detect it from below.[18] As a participant in diel vertical migration, firefly squid primarily feed during the night.[14][15] This feeding strategy is reflected in the squid’s gut anatomy, which has a longer cecum that allows it to absorb nutrients during the day when its metabolic rate is lower.[14][15]

Bioluminescence and Vision

Principle of the squid's counter-illumination camouflage. When seen from below by a predator, the bioluminescence helps to match the squid's brightness and colour to the sea surface above.

Background

The firefly squid resides in the deep waters of the Western Pacific Ocean where limited amounts of visual light penetrate from the surface and are bioluminescent. The shorter wavelengths of visible light are blue, green, and yellow. These shorter wavelengths have more energy and can penetrate deeper into the water column. The squid’s visual system is adapted to capture the greatest amount of light at these depths. Each eye has a large pupil to allow more ambient light to enter the eye, no cornea to reduce or distort absorbed light, a spherical lens to greatly limit distortion (coma and astigmatism), and a predominant visual pigment, retinal (A1) with a maximal absorption at 482 nm.[19]

Research

Chemical and structural analysis of the firefly squid retina reveal the presence of three visually active pigments located in distinct regions of the squid’s retina. This is unique among cephalopods and may allow these squid to have color discrimination vision.[20][21] The presence of two or more visually active pigments have only been found in the eyes of other organisms capable of color discrimination.[22] The three pigments found include retinal (A1) with maximal absorption at 482 nm, hydroxyretinal (A4) with maximal absorption at 470 nm, and dehydroretinal (A2) with maximal absorption at 500 nm. Scanning electron microscopy shows that each pigment is contained in individual retinal photoreceptor cells which allows segregation of each pigment to specific locations on the squid retina.[20] Light of specific wavelengths need to reach the specific photoreceptive cells in the retina to avoid longitudinal spherical aberration (LSA). Cone cells of the vertebrate retina are clustered in the same retinal location and use multifocal lenses to refract the wavelengths to activate the specific photoreceptor cells. Firefly squid do not have multifocal lenses, but use a banked retina –specific photoreceptive cells are located at different distances from the lens – to compensate for LSA.[19]

Mating

Background

Image of firefly squid

Cephalopods species have historically been polyandrous, in which a female mates with multiple mates, through common reproductive traits and life history.[23] Firefly squid show rare evidence of cephalopod monogamy in their reproductive cycle when they make a yearly migration to the coastal waters of Toyama Bay each spring during their mating season. For example, females store sperm for long periods in bilateral pouches under the neck collar, and are capable of egg spawning after the breeding season when males are no longer present.[24] Males show specific sperm production and release patterning to augment their reproductive success. One proposed explanation for this unusual behavior is that although the males reach sexual maturity prior to the breeding season, females do not reach full maturity until later in the season. As a result of the shorter life-span of males, most males are only able to copulate once and are largely gone by the time that females are able to use the sperm stored during copulation.[13] Once the squid's eggs have been fertilized and laid, it dies, having reached the end of its one-year lifespan. Spawning, which involves large aggregations of the squid, takes place between February and July.[1]

Research

Research was conducted in 2020 around the Oki Islands in the Sea of Japan, a prevalent mating ground for W. scintillans, during the estimated mating period (EMP) of mid-February to mid-March to test the firefly squid monogamy hypothesis. Researchers found that mated females stored an equivalent amount of sperm in both pouches surrounding their seminal receptacles.[24] They also observed a gradual decrease in the quantity of sperm during the reproductive season.[24] This data indicates the preservation of sperm through the lifespan of the female firefly squid. Researchers found that 95% of females tested stored sperm from a single male.[24] Further data collection confirmed that a single male's sperm fertilized all of the female's eggs.[24] Both of these findings support monogamous reproduction of W. scintillans. To test monogamy in male firefly squids, researchers measured the maturity and fecundity of individuals. Data show that average male sperm levels would allow for no more than 2-3 copulations.[24] The evidence for a low sperm production capacity and limited mating opportunities for males based on biased operational sex ratio and a lack of female remating supports the monogamy hypothesis in males. Female monandry was established first and subsequently males followed suit to create mutual monogamy in W. scintillans.[25]

Commercial use

Boiled firefly squid, as served at a restaurant. Firefly squid are caught in bulk during spawning on the shores of Japan and are offered in many restaurants and grocery stores.

Fishers have long known that firefly squid congregate in Toyama Bay off the Japanese coast to spawn. They are often caught at night when they rise to the surface or in fishing nets that trawl mesopelagic depths during the day. Commercial consumption of the W. scintillans is largely driven by the flashing blue display of photophores that makes them considered a menu prized item at restaurants. This squid is commercially fished in Japan, accounting for an annual catch of 4,804 to 6,822 tons from 1990 to 1999.[26]

Storage of W. scintillans has been difficult due to their adaptation to a deep sea environment that is notably cold and dark. Researchers found that long-term sedation (3+ days) of firefly squid can be accomplished using magnesium sulphate with relatively no harm being conferred to the organisms.[27] W. scintillans quickly returned to its normal state only minutes after being transferred into fresh seawater at the final destination.[27] The transported animals maintained their photophore-flashing capabilities, a key focus for researchers.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2014). "Watasenia scintillans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T163146A977074. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163146A977074.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Julian Finn (2016). "Watasenia scintillans (Berry, 1911)". World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d Preston, Elizabeth (2018-07-03). "Flashes of Brilliance". bioGraphic. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  4. ^ a b Tsuchiya, Kotaro (October 2015). "Watasenia scintillans". The Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  5. ^ a b Michinomae, Ishikawa; Kabutoyama, Kito; Masanao, Masaki; Nishinomiya, Yuji (2009). "Photic environment and bioluminescent cephalopod (Watasenia scintillans) -Firefly squid's MINAGE-". Aquabiology/Kaiyo to Seibutsu. 31: 280–286 – via ProQuest.
  6. ^ a b Teranishi, Katsunori; Shimomura, Osamu (2008-05-01). "Bioluminescence of the arm light organs of the luminous squid Watasenia scintillans". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1780 (5): 784–792. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.01.016. ISSN 0304-4165. PMID 18294462.
  7. ^ Tsuji, Frederick I. (2002-08-19). "Bioluminescence reaction catalyzed by membrane-bound luciferase in the "firefly squid," Watasenia scintillans". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 1564 (1): 189–197. doi:10.1016/S0005-2736(02)00447-9. PMID 12101012.
  8. ^ Inamura, O. (1990-12-01). "Observations on Minute Photophores of the Firefly Squid, Watasenia scintillans" (PDF). Scientific Reports Tokosuka City Museum. 38: 101–105.
  9. ^ Hamanaka, Toshiaki; Michinomae, Masanao; Seidou, Masatsugu; Miura, Keiko; Inoue, Katsuaki; Kito, Yuji (2011-09-02). "Luciferase activity of the intracellular microcrystal of the firefly squid, Watasenia scintillans". FEBS Letters. 585 (17): 2735–2738. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2011.07.033. PMID 21821032. S2CID 37903489.
  10. ^ Tsuji, F. I. (1985-07-01). "ATP-dependent bioluminescence in the firefly squid, Watasenia scintillans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 82 (14): 4629–4632. Bibcode:1985PNAS...82.4629T. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.14.4629. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 390439. PMID 16593580.
  11. ^ a b Kawahara, M.; Gleadall, I. G.; Tsukahara, Y. (2010-04-10). "A note on the fibre-optic light-guides in the eye photophores of Watasenia scintillans". South African Journal of Marine Science. 20 (1): 123–127. doi:10.2989/025776198784126250. ISSN 0257-7615.
  12. ^ Gleadall, Ian G. (1994). "A Model for Enhancing the Visual Information Available Under Low-Level Light Conditions: Multiple Contrast Channels Created by Stepwise Changes in Detector Parameters in the Banked Ventral Retina of the Firefly Squid". Interdisciplinary Information Sciences. 1 (1): 67–75. doi:10.4036/iis.1994.67. ISSN 1347-6157.
  13. ^ a b c d Sato, Noriyosi; Tsuda, Sei-Ichiro; Alam, Nur; Sasanami, Tomohiro; Iwata, Yoko; Kusama, Satoshi; Inamura, Osamu; Yoshida, Masa-aki; Hirohashi, Noritaka (2019). "Polyandry is extremely rare in the firefly squid, Watasenia scintillans". bioRxiv 10.1101/2019.12.13.875062.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Watanabe, Hikaru; Kubodera, Tsunemi; Moku, Masatoshi; Kawaguchi, Kouichi (June 13, 2006). "Diel vertical migration of squid in the warm core ring and cold water masses in the transition region of the western North Pacific". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 315: 187–197. Bibcode:2006MEPS..315..187W. doi:10.3354/meps315187. JSTOR 24870152.
  15. ^ a b c d Omura, Ayano; Endo, Hideki (2016). "The functional-morphological adaptive strategy of digestive organs of decapodiform cephalopods". Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 78 (1): 43–7. doi:10.1292/jvms.15-0185. PMC 4751115. PMID 26369293.
  16. ^ Hayashi, S.; Hirakawa, K. (1997). "Diet composition of the firefly squid, Watasenia scintillans, from Toyama bay, southern Japan sea". Bulletin of the Japan Sea National Fisheries Research Institute (Japan) (in Japanese). ISSN 0021-4620.
  17. ^ Mori, Junta; Kubodera, Tsunemi; Baba, Norihisa (June 2001). "Squid in the diet of northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus, caught in the western and central North Pacific Ocean". Fisheries Research. 52 (1–2): 91–97. doi:10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00233-8.
  18. ^ Young, R.E.; Roper, C.F. (1976). "Bioluminescent countershading in midwater animals: evidence from living squid". Science. 191 (4231): 1046–8. Bibcode:1976Sci...191.1046Y. doi:10.1126/science.1251214. PMID 1251214.
  19. ^ a b Kröger, Ronald H.H.; Gislén, Anna (2004-08-01). "Compensation for Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration in the Eye of the Firefly Squid, Watasenia Scintillans". Vision Research. 44 (18): 2129–2134. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2004.04.004. PMID 15183679. S2CID 12550230.
  20. ^ a b Michinomae, M; Masuda, H; Seidou, M; Kito, Y (1994-08-01). "Structural Basis For Wavelength Discrimination in the Banked Retina of the Firefly Squid Watasenis Scintillans". Journal of Experimental Biology. 193 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1242/jeb.193.1.1. ISSN 1477-9145. PMID 9317205.
  21. ^ "Map of Life - 'Colour vision' in Firefly squid". Convergent Evolution Online. University of Cambridge. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  22. ^ Jacobs, G.H. (2021-01-01). Encyclopedia of biological chemistry. Joseph Jez (3 ed.). San Diego: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-822040-5. OCLC 1263028391.
  23. ^ Parker, Geoff A.; Birkhead, Tim R. (2013-03-05). "Polyandry: the history of a revolution". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 368 (1613): 20120335. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0335. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 3576588. PMID 23339245.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Sato, Noriyosi; Tsuda, Sei-Ichiro; Nur E. Alam, Md.; Sasanami, Tomohiro; Iwata, Yoko; Kusama, Satoshi; Inamura, Osamu; Yoshida, Masa-aki; Hirohashi, Noritaka (2020-03-07). "Rare polyandry and common monogamy in the firefly squid, Watasenia scintillans". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 10962. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1010962S. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68006-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7334199. PMID 32620906.
  25. ^ Fromhage, Lutz; Elgar, Mark A.; Schneider, Jutta M. (2005). "Faithful Without Care: The Evolution of Monogyny". Evolution. 59 (7): 1400–1405. doi:10.1554/04-680. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 16153026. S2CID 198155857.
  26. ^ Daniel Hannah (2007). ""Under a cloud": Silence, Identity, and Interpretation in Lord Jim". Conradiana. 40 (1): 39–59. doi:10.1353/cnd.0.0004. ISSN 1935-0252. S2CID 170616297.
  27. ^ a b c Gleadall, Ian G. (2013-09-01). "Low dosage of magnesium sulphate as a long-term sedative during transport of firefly squid, Watasenia scintillans". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 447: 138–139. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2013.02.021.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia EN

Firefly squid: Brief Summary ( anglais )

fourni par wikipedia EN

The firefly squid (Watasenia scintillans), also commonly known as the sparkling enope squid or hotaru-ika in Japan, is a species of squid in the family Enoploteuthidae. It is the sole species in the monotypic genus Watasenia. These tiny squid are found on the shores of Japan in springtime during spawning season, but spend most of their lives in deeper waters between 200 and 400 metres (700 and 1,300 feet; 100 and 200 fathoms). They are bioluminescent organisms and emit blue light from photophores, which some scientists have hypothesized could be used for communication, camouflage, or attracting food, but it is still unclear in the scientific community exactly how this species uses their bioluminescence. The firefly squid is a predator and actively hunts its food, which includes copepods, small fish, and other squids. The lifespan of a firefly squid is about one year. At the end of their lives, females return close to shore to release their eggs and then die shortly thereafter. This mass migration of firefly squid to the shore is a lucrative business for Japanese fishermen, and during spawning season many go out to the bays to collect the dying squid. Many more also visit Japan during spawning season to see the bright blue light created from the firefly squid's bioluminescence light up the bay, making their spawning season not only a fishing opportunity but also a tourist attraction.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia EN

Watasenia scintillans ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par wikipedia ES

El calamar luciérnaga (Watasenia scintillans),[1]​ también conocido como el calamar enope brillante, es una especie de calamar de la familia Enoploteuthidae. Es la única especie del género monotípico Watasenia.

Bioluminiscencia

Bioluminiscencia y contrailuminación

 src=
Principio del camuflaje de contraluz del calamar. Cuando se ve desde abajo por un depredador, la bioluminiscencia ayuda a hacer coincidir el brillo y el color del calamar con la superficie del mar en la parte superior.

El calamar luciérnaga se encuentra en el océano Pacífico occidental a profundidades de 183 a 366 metros (600–1200 pies) y es bioluminiscente. El manto, la cabeza, los brazos y los tentáculos están salpicados de pequeños órganos productores de luz llamados fotóforos. Cuando parpadea, la luz atrae a los peces pequeños, de los que los calamares pueden alimentarse. Este calamar tiene tres pigmentos visuales ubicados en diferentes partes de la retina que probablemente permiten la discriminación del color, cada uno con sensibilidades espectrales distintas. El calamar luciérnaga mide aproximadamente 3 pulgadas (7,6 cm) de largo en la madurez y muere después de un año de vida. Tiene los ocho brazos estándar y dos tentáculos, cada uno con tres órganos brillantes que emiten luz en las puntas.

El calamar pasa el día a profundidades de varios cientos de metros, volviendo a la superficie cuando cae la noche. Utiliza sus habilidades para detectar y producir luz para el camuflaje de contrailuminación: combina el brillo y el color de su parte inferior con la luz que proviene de la superficie, lo que dificulta que los depredadores la detecten desde abajo.

Referencias

  1. elenamerelomolina (29 de enero de 2015). «Watasenia Scintillans». Animales fantásticos y sus caracteristicas (en inglés). Consultado el 24 de septiembre de 2019.
 title=
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia ES

Watasenia scintillans: Brief Summary ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par wikipedia ES

El calamar luciérnaga (Watasenia scintillans),​ también conocido como el calamar enope brillante, es una especie de calamar de la familia Enoploteuthidae. Es la única especie del género monotípico Watasenia.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia ES

Watasenia scintillans ( italien )

fourni par wikipedia IT

Watasenia scintillans, anche conosciuto come il calamaro lucciola, è una specie di calamaro della famiglia Enoploteuthidae[1]. È la sola specie del genere Watasenia.

Caratteristiche

Il calamaro lucciola è stato osservato nella parte ovest dell'oceano Pacifico ad una profondità tra i 183 ed i 366 metri. La caratteristica più peculiare di questa specie è la bioluminescenza: ogni tentacolo ha un organo chiamato fotoforo il quale produce luce. Queste luci attraggono i piccoli pesci dei quali il calamaro si nutre.

Questo calamaro è l'unica specie di cefalopode nel quale si siano trovate prove di visione a colori: ha tre pigmenti visivi localizzati in differenti parti della retina che gli permettono probabilmente di discriminare i colori, ciascuno con una distintivo spettro di sensibilità.

Il calamaro lucciola misura circa 7,5 cm alla maturità e muore dopo solo un anno di vita. Ha i classici tentacoli otto più due tipici dei calamari, di cui un paio ha tre organi per l'emissione di luce all'estremità.

Il calamaro trascorre il giorno a varie centinaia di metri di profondità, ritornando in superficie durante la notte. La combinazione di organi per la percezione e l'emissione di luce gli permette di nascondere il suo profilo in superficie (controillunimazione), rendendo difficile per i predatori individuarlo dal basso.

Riproduzione

Il calamaro lucciola può anche illuminare il suo corpo per attrarre il partner. La stagione degli accoppiamenti dura da marzo a giugno.

Utilizzo commerciale

Questo calamaro è pescato in Giappone. Si calcola che annualmente (dal 1990 al 1999) siano state pescate dalle 4804 alle 6822 tonnellate.

Note

 title=
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia IT

Watasenia scintillans: Brief Summary ( italien )

fourni par wikipedia IT

Watasenia scintillans, anche conosciuto come il calamaro lucciola, è una specie di calamaro della famiglia Enoploteuthidae. È la sola specie del genere Watasenia.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia IT

Watasenia scintillans ( néerlandais ; flamand )

fourni par wikipedia NL

Watasenia scintillans is een soort in de taxonomische indeling van de inktvissen, een klasse dieren die tot de stam der weekdieren (Mollusca) behoort. De inktvis komt enkel in zout water voor en is in staat om van kleur te veranderen. Hij beweegt zich voort door water in zijn mantel te pompen en het er via de sifon weer krachtig uit te persen. De inktvis is een carnivoor en zijn voedsel bestaat voornamelijk uit vis, krabben, kreeften en weekdieren die ze met de zuignappen op hun grijparmen vangen.

De inktvis komt uit het geslacht Watasenia en behoort tot de familie Enoploteuthidae. Watasenia scintillans werd in 1911 beschreven door Berry.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. World Register of Marine Species, Watasenia scintillans. Marinespecies.org. Geraadpleegd op 3 oktober 2011.
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia NL

Watasenia scintillans ( suédois )

fourni par wikipedia SV

Watasenia scintillans[6][7][9][10], ibland omnämnd som eldflugebläckfisk,[11] är en bläckfiskart som först beskrevs av Samuel Stillman Berry (1887-1984) 1911. Watasenia scintillans ingår i släktet Watasenia och familjen Enoploteuthidae.[12][13] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[12]

Arten finns (bland annat) i vattnen runt Japan.[11] I samband med äggläggningen beger sig dessa i vanliga fall djuphavslevande djuren upp mot vattenytan under mars–maj varje år. Efter äggläggningen dör honorna sedan. De är i Japan föremål för fiske.

Denna bläckfisk är känd för sin bioluminiscens, vilken åstadkoms genom tusentals små ljusalstrande organ. Ljuset gör att bläckfisken lättare smälter in i den vanligtvis grå omgivningen, åtminstone sedd underifrån.[14]


Varje år mellan mars och maj glittrar vattnet i japanska Toyamabukten som en diskokula. Det som blänker så festligt är miljontals sju centimeter långa fiskar (watasenia scintillans, på engelska firefly squid, "eldflugebläckfisk"). Fiskarnas kroppar blinkar och pulserar i starkt blått.

Källor

  1. ^ Tsuchiya, K. and T. Okutani (1988) Subgenera of Enoploteuthis, Abralia and Abraliopsis of the squid family Enoploteuthidae (Cephalopoda, Oegopsida), Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, (series A) 14 (3)
  2. ^ Ishikawa, M. (1929) On a new species of a luminous squid from the Sea of Japan, Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Japan, 5 (1)
  3. ^ Sasaki, M. (1929) A monograph of the dibranchiate Cephalopods of the Japanese and adjacent waters, Journal of the College of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University, 20 (supplement)
  4. ^ Pfeffer, G. (1912) Die Cephalopoden der Plankton-Expedition. Zugleich eine monographische ubersicht der Oegopsiden Cephalopoden, Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-stiftung, 2
  5. ^ Nishikawa, T. (1906) On a rare cephalopod, The Zoological Magazine, Tokyo, 18
  6. ^ [a b] Sweeney, M. J., C. F. E. Roper, and F. G. Hochberg (1988) Catalog of the type specimens of Recent Cephalopoda described by S. Stillman Berry, Malacologia, 29 (1)
  7. ^ [a b] Berry, S. S. (1911) Note on a new Abraliopsis from Japan, Nautilus, 25 (8)
  8. ^ Ishikawa, C. (1914) Berichtigung, Zoologischer Anzeiger, 43 (7)
  9. ^ Sweeney, M. J. and C. F. E. Roper / N. A. Voss, M. Vecchione, R. B. Toll and M. J. Sweeney, eds. (1998) Classification, type localities and type repositories of recent Cephalopoda, Systematics and Biogeography of Cephalopods. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 586 (I-II)
  10. ^ Ishikawa, C. (1914) Ueber eine neue art von Enoploteuthis, Enoploteuthis chunii (spec. nov.), aus Uwodu, Japanisches Meer, Journal of the College of Agriculture, Imperial University of Tokyo, 4 (7)
  11. ^ [a b] Ivarsson, Måns (22 oktober 2014). ”Sverige är världsbäst enligt Lonely Planet | Allt om resor | Expressen”. Allt om Resor. https://www.expressen.se/allt-om-resor/sverige-ar-varldsbast-enligt-lonely-planet/. Läst 17 februari 2019.
  12. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (27 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/watasenia+scintillans/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  13. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  14. ^ ”Ljus ger makt, mat och partner”. illvet.se. https://illvet.se/djur/ljus-ger-makt-mat-och-partner. Läst 17 februari 2019.

Externa länkar

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia SV

Watasenia scintillans: Brief Summary ( suédois )

fourni par wikipedia SV

Watasenia scintillans, ibland omnämnd som eldflugebläckfisk, är en bläckfiskart som först beskrevs av Samuel Stillman Berry (1887-1984) 1911. Watasenia scintillans ingår i släktet Watasenia och familjen Enoploteuthidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Arten finns (bland annat) i vattnen runt Japan. I samband med äggläggningen beger sig dessa i vanliga fall djuphavslevande djuren upp mot vattenytan under mars–maj varje år. Efter äggläggningen dör honorna sedan. De är i Japan föremål för fiske.

Denna bläckfisk är känd för sin bioluminiscens, vilken åstadkoms genom tusentals små ljusalstrande organ. Ljuset gör att bläckfisken lättare smälter in i den vanligtvis grå omgivningen, åtminstone sedd underifrån.


Varje år mellan mars och maj glittrar vattnet i japanska Toyamabukten som en diskokula. Det som blänker så festligt är miljontals sju centimeter långa fiskar (watasenia scintillans, på engelska firefly squid, "eldflugebläckfisk"). Fiskarnas kroppar blinkar och pulserar i starkt blått.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia SV

螢火魷 ( chinois )

fourni par wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Watasenia scintillans
(Berry英语Samuel Stillman Berry, 1911)

螢火魷学名Watasenia scintillans),又名螢魷螢烏賊[2],为武裝魷科下的一个物种,屬於只有本身的螢火魷屬。牠是一種非常小的魷魚,通常有3英寸(7.6厘米)長。和其他深海生物一樣可以發光,這些光可用來引誘獵物。萤火鱿多分布于日本海日本四国以北的太平洋沿近海[3]

物种特色

萤火鱿于西太平洋海域被发现,水深约183至366公尺(600-1200英尺)处。这种鱿鱼的每根触鬚都有一个发光器产生萤光,进而引诱猎物。据报导,此种鱿鱼是其物种中唯一能辨别颜色者,牠拥有3个类似视网膜的器官,每个具有不同光谱频率的感光度[4]。萤火鱿身长大约3英寸(7.6厘米),寿命长约一年,拥有标准的8条触腕和2条触足。此鱿鱼一整天都待在百公尺深的海裡,只有夜晚才会来到海面附近,在体内的发光器与感光器作用下,牠可依照深度来调整自身的亮度。

求偶

其交配其为每年3月至6月,手法即是发出萤光来吸引异性。

商业价值

萤火鱿在日本属于商业渔获,据统计,从1990年至1999年间,日本约捕获了4,804-6,822吨的萤火鱿[5]日本本州富山县富山湾为此渔获的主要供应地,因为富山湾的深层水域蕴含丰富的矿物质及有机物[6],加上富山灣靠岸處還有一個V字型海谷,時常會有湧昇流由下往上帶,將螢火魷推上岸邊[7],因此萤火鱿在每年3至6月皆会到此产卵[7]富山县即因大量产此渔获而将萤火鱿选为「县鱼」[8]

研究

日本的学者发现,萤火鱿不仅美丽,还含有丰富的牛磺酸,可帮助降低胆固醇[6]。萤火鱿相关研究者不多,有美国学者2002年发表一篇萤火鱿发光机制的论文,但在2008年4月遭到推翻[9];推翻者为2008年诺贝尔化学奖得主、前海洋生物研究室(Marine Biological Laboratory)资深研究员下村脩,及日本三重大学研究所生物资源学研究科教授寺西克伦[9]。不过,虽然下村脩已研究萤火鱿有40年之久,其二人至今仍无法解开萤火鱿发光机制之谜[9]

参考文献

  1. ^ Barratt, I. & Allcock, L. Watasenia scintillans. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN). 2014, 2014: e.T163146A977074 [10 January 2018]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163146A977074.en.
  2. ^ 「螢烏賊」湧富士灣 神秘冷光閃爍海岸. ETtoday新奇新聞. 2012-06-14 [2013-01-21] (中文(繁體)‎).
  3. ^ http://shell.sinica.edu.tw/chinese/squiddetail.php?id=42 台湾贝类资料库
  4. ^ Map of Life - 'Colour vision' in Firefly squid. Convergent Evolution Online. University of Cambridge. [2013-06-07].
  5. ^ Tsuchiya, Kotaro. 2007. Watasenia Ishikawa 1914. Watasenia scintillans. Version 16 June 2007 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Watasenia_scintillans/19645/2007.06.16 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 林昀萱. 螢光點點的幽幽海灣 螢烏賊的美麗藝術. yam蕃薯藤新聞. 2012-04-13 [2013-06-07] (中文).
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 「螢烏賊」佔領日本富山灣 神秘冷光藍鋪滿海岸線. ETTODAY. 2012-03-31 [2013-06-07] (中文).
  8. ^ http://www.info-toyama.com/gourmet/hotaruika/ 富山湾の幸 ホタルイカ
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 http://www.ofdc.org.tw/internationalinfo/DetailPage.aspx?sn=24604&kind=0& 日刊水产经济新闻,17 October 2008

扩展阅读

外部連結

规范控制
 title=
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
维基百科作者和编辑

螢火魷: Brief Summary ( chinois )

fourni par wikipedia 中文维基百科

螢火魷(学名:Watasenia scintillans),又名螢魷或螢烏賊,为武裝魷科下的一个物种,屬於只有本身的螢火魷屬。牠是一種非常小的魷魚,通常有3英寸(7.6厘米)長。和其他深海生物一樣可以發光,這些光可用來引誘獵物。萤火鱿多分布于日本海日本四国以北的太平洋沿近海。

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
维基百科作者和编辑

ホタルイカ ( japonais )

fourni par wikipedia 日本語
ホタルイカ Watasenia scintillans.jpg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 軟体動物門 Mollusca : 頭足綱 Cephalopoda 上目 : 十腕形上目 Decapodiformes : 開眼目 Oegopsida : ホタルイカモドキ科
Enoploteuthidae : ホタルイカ属 Watasenia : ホタルイカ W. scintillans 学名 Watasenia scintillans
(Berry, 1911) 和名 ホタルイカ 英名 firefly squid
toyama squid
Luminescent dwarf squid
Sparkling Enope Squid

ホタルイカ螢烏賊/蛍烏賊、学名Watasenia scintillans (Berry, 1911)[1])は、ツツイカ目 ホタルイカモドキ科に属するイカの一種である。後述のように食用とされる。

名称について[編集]

ホタルイカの属名Watasenia は1905年に和名を「ホタルイカ」と命名した明治期の生物学者渡瀬庄三郎にちなんで1913年に石川千代松によりつけられている[2]。富山の方言では「マツイカ」と呼ばれることが多かった。これはホタルイカが肥料として利用されることが多かったからとされる。

英名の一つであるfirefly squidは和名と同じく「ホタルのようなイカ」の意味で、toyama squidは日本の代表的な産地である富山湾に因む。米『ウェブスター辞典』のfirefly squidの項目には"a brilliantly luminescent squid (Watseonia scintillans) caught in great quantities off the western coast of Japan where it is used for fertilizer"と記載されている。冷蔵・運送が近代化される前は、地元での食用以外は、流通前に肥料として多く利用されたためである。

“ほたるいか”は「晩春」を表す季語の一つである[3]

分布と生態[編集]

世界にはホタルイカの仲間が40種類ほど生息している。

日本近海では日本海全域と太平洋側の一部に分布しており、特に富山湾に面する滑川市を中心とする富山県と、兵庫県日本海側で多く水揚げされている。ホタルイカというと富山湾をイメージする人は多いが、漁獲量は兵庫県の浜坂漁港が日本一(2017年で2734トン)で、富山県全体(同1299トン)を上回る[4]。普段は水深200m - 700mの深海に生息している。晩春から初夏までが産卵期で、1回当たり数千個から1万個の卵を産む。交尾と産卵は同時ではない。

触手の先には、それぞれ3個の発光器が付いている。何かに触れると発光するため、敵を脅すものではないかと考えられているが、光によって敵を誘導し、ただちに消灯してその場から逃げるという、いわばデコイとしての機能があるともされている[5]。体表の海底側(腹側)には細かい発光器があり、これは海底側にいる敵が海面側にいるホタルイカを見ると、海面からの光に溶け込み姿が見えなくなるカウンターシェイディング効果の役割を果たしている。海面側から海底に向かって見た場合はこの効果が働かないため、体表の海面側(背中側)には発光器はほとんど存在しない。

発光物質[編集]

発光反応の全容は未解明である。しかし、「セレンテラジンジサルファイト化合物(coelenterazine disulfate、二硫化セレンテラジン化合物、ルシフェリンの一種)によると考えられており、アデノシン三リン酸(ATP)とマグネシウム(Mg)が大きく関与している」。また、「発光反応の最適温度は、5℃でホタルイカの生息適温と対応している」などが判明している[6]

利用[編集]

主に食用となるほか、養殖マグロ飼料用途への研究がされている[7]

漁法[編集]

漁期は2月から5月頃、主な産地は日本海側の兵庫県、富山県、鳥取県、福井県などである。

  • 富山県(富山湾)では、定置網漁により夜間に沿岸に浮上してくる個体を明け方前に捕獲する。また、この漁を見学するための観光船が漁期のみの期間限定で滑川市で運航されている[8]。富山湾沿岸での定置網漁であるためホタルイカを傷つけ難いことと鮮度が良いことが特徴である。
  • 兵庫県(山陰沖)での底引き網漁は昭和60年(1985年)頃に開始され、深さ200m程度を回遊している個体を捕獲する[9]。年間2000tから3000t程度[10]を捕獲しており捕獲量は、富山県より多い[11]

食用[編集]

富山県では古くから食用とされ、炒め物、佃煮を含む煮物酢味噌和え沖漬け素干し天ぷら唐揚げ、足だけを刺身にした竜宮そうめんなどがある[12]腐敗が早いため冷凍・冷蔵での高速輸送手段が発達するまで、産地以外での食用は困難だった。現代では、首都圏など水揚げ漁港から遠い地域の食品スーパーマーケットや鮮魚店で販売されるほか、居酒屋回転寿司[13]などで提供される。

傷みやすいことによる食中毒や、後述するような寄生虫の虞があるため、古くより食してきた地元でも生では食べなかった。平成になってから、冷凍などの処理をしたものが生食用として春先の店頭に並ぶことが多くなっている(生食の注意点については後述)。

食味やの漁獲高が多いことだけでなく、近年は栄養面でも評価されている。富山短期大学教授の竹内弘幸(食品機能学)の分析によると、ビタミンAビタミンB12タウリンを多く含む[14]

  •  src=

    東京のスーパーで売られるホタルイカ

  •  src=

    ホタルイカの辛子酢味噌和え

  •  src=

    ほたるいか醤油漬け(2010年2月22日撮影)

  •  src=

    刺身と竜宮そうめん(ほたるいかミュージアムにて)

生食[編集]

漫画『美味しんぼ』第37巻収録の「生きた宝石」[15]で、ホタルイカについて生きたまま食べる描写(ホタルイカの踊り食い)がなされている[16][17]。作中では肝のおいしさが絶賛されているが、ホタルイカには旋尾線虫亜目に属する旋尾線虫( Crassicauda giliakiana )[18][19]寄生しているため、生食の際は厚生労働省が指定した方法で処理を行う必要がある。未処理品の「踊り食い」や処理が不完全な物を食用とした場合、後述の寄生虫症を発症することがある[20]

厚生労働省による通知、(衛食第110号 衛乳第125号 平成12年6月21日)
  1. 生食を行う場合には、次の方法によること。
    -30℃で4日間以上、もしくはそれと同等の殺虫能力を有する条件で凍結すること。(同等の殺虫能力例:-35℃(中心温度)で15時間以上、または-40℃で40分以上)
    なお、凍結処理を行った場合、製品にその旨表示を行うこと。
    内臓を除去すること、または、内臓除去が必要である旨を表示すること。
  2. 生食用以外の場合には、加熱処理(沸騰水に投入後30秒以上保持、もしくは中心温度で60℃以上の加熱)を行うこと。
  3. 販売者、飲食店等関係営業者に対し、生食用としてホタルイカを販売等を行う場合には、1.にある方法により処理したものを販売するよう指導すること。
  4. 一般消費者に対し、ホタルイカを生食する場合の寄生虫感染の可能性について情報提供を行うとともに、生食する場合には1.にある方法による旨を啓発すること。

寄生虫症[編集]

生食により寄生虫症を発症し、急性腹症として腸閉塞、皮膚爬行症、眼球移行症などを起こすことがある[21]。国立感染症研究所によれば、最初の症例報告は1974年の秋田県での腸閉塞の疑い例とされている。その後、報告は1987年まで途絶えるが以降1994年までに約50例が報告され注目された。診断は摘出虫体の病理組織学的同定(とり出して調べる)。治療法は今のところ外科的摘出(広い目にメスを入れて引っ張りだす)のみ。

症状
  • 急性腹症 - 潜伏期間:1 - 3日程度。嘔気、嘔吐、下痢、腹痛、腸閉塞[22][23]
  • 皮膚爬行症 - 潜伏期間:2週間程度。皮膚にミミズバレなど、眼球移行も報告されている[24]

観光など[編集]

 src=
身投げしたホタルイカ(富山市浜黒崎海岸にて)

ホタルイカが水揚げされる富山県の富山市から魚津市にかけての富山湾沿岸は、ホタルイカの群遊海面として有名であり、ホタルイカは春の風物詩として知られている。富山湾に流入する常願寺川の河口左岸から魚津港までの約15km、満潮時の沖合1,260mまでの海域は1922年(大正11年)に国の天然記念物に指定され、1952年(昭和27年)3月29日には「ホタルイカ群遊海面」の名称で特別天然記念物に格上げされている[25]。天然記念物指定を「ホタルイカ」とすると食用にはできないために、「群遊海面」としたのである。

前述のように、富山湾でのホタルイカ定置網漁の様子は観光船から見学できる。

4-5月の富山湾沿岸では、「ホタルイカの身投げ」と呼ばれる、大量のホタルイカが波によって浜に打ち寄せられる現象が、夜中から夜明け前の暗がりの中で幻想的に見られることがあり[26]、県民が波打ち際や堤防などから網ですくい持ち帰る様子が見られる。

富山県滑川市には、ホタルイカの様子を観察できる「ほたるいかミュージアム」がある。

富山湾を上回る漁獲量がある浜坂でも毎春「浜坂みなとほたるいか祭り」を開いている[27]

ホタルイカは1966年(昭和41年)7月1日発売の35円普通切手の意匠になった。

参考文献[編集]

出典[編集]

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ 窪寺 (2000)、p.3
  2. ^ 窪寺 (2000)、pp.2-3
  3. ^ きごさい歳時記「蛍烏賊」NPO法人きごさい(季語と歳時記の会)、2018年3月26日閲覧。
  4. ^ 【列島をあるく】旬の食材■ホタルイカ 刺し身で春を/兵庫・浜坂漁協、ブランド化へ『朝日新聞』朝刊2018年4月10日(第2東京面)
  5. ^ "富山湾 ホタルイカ~海の宝石 青い光の真実~". Canon Presents 奇跡の地球物語〜近未来創造サイエンス. テレビ朝日. 2014年4月6日閲覧。
  6. ^ 寺西克倫ホタルイカ生物発光の発光発現機構の化学的解明 三重大学大学院生物資源学研究科
  7. ^ 瀬岡学、ほか:クロマグロ稚魚用配合飼料のタンパク源としてのホタルイカミールの有用性 水産増殖 = The aquiculture 58(1), 143-144, 2010-03-20
  8. ^ ほたるいか海上観光滑川市観光協会(2018年3月26日閲覧)
  9. ^ 山陰沖のホタルイカ 兵庫県立農林水産技術総合センター 但馬水産技術センター
  10. ^ 水産業の概況 兵庫県 (PDF)
  11. ^ ホタルイカ 富山県
  12. ^ お宝!日本の「郷土」食11(富山県滑川市)ホタルイカ料理農林水産省『aff』2011年6月号(2018年4月11日閲覧)
  13. ^ 期間限定「ほたるいか」スシローのメニュー(2018年3月26日閲覧)
  14. ^ 【食旬な産地】富山県滑川市*ホタルイカ 高い栄養価/刺身で楽しむ濃厚な味わい『読売新聞』朝刊2018年3月21日(くらし面)
  15. ^ 雁屋 & 花咲 (1993, 第6話)
  16. ^ 第37巻 6話 生きた宝石”. 美味しんぼ塾ストーリーブログ. オリジナルよりアーカイブ。^ 料理名:ホタルイカの踊り食い”. oishimbo.jp. オリジナルよりアーカイブ。^ 杉山広、森嶋康之、荒川京子、木白俊哉、川中正憲.旋尾線虫をめぐる新しい展開.寄生虫分類形態談話会報,25, 4-7 (2007)
  17. ^ 杉山広 食品媒介寄生虫による食中毒 日本食品微生物学会雑誌 Vol.27 (2010) No.1 P1-7
  18. ^ 杉山広 「食品と寄生虫感染症」、食品衛生学雑誌 Vol.51 (2010) No.6 P285-291
  19. ^ 影井昇:新顔の寄生虫病--ホタルイカ寄生の旋尾線虫幼虫による急性腹症と皮膚爬行症 医学のあゆみ 174(11), p852-853, 1995-09-09
  20. ^ 守田万寿夫、中村浩、浦出雅昭、廣沢久史 ホタルイカ生食が原因と思われる腸閉塞様症状を呈した症例の検討 日本消化器病学会雑誌 Vol.92 (1995) No.1 P26-31
  21. ^ 青山庄、ほか 旋尾線虫幼虫type Xの関与が強く示唆されたホタルイカ生食による急性腹症10例の臨床的検討 日本消化器病学会雑誌 Vol.93 (1996) No.5 P312-321
  22. ^ 大前あゆみ、ほか ホタルイカ生食で発症したcreepingdisease 皮膚 Vol. 43 (2001) No. 1 P 1-2
  23. ^ ホタルイカ群遊海面-社団法人農林水産技術情報協会 2012年5月13日閲覧。
  24. ^ 林 (2000)、p.60
  25. ^ 浜坂みなとほたるいか祭り新温泉町ホームページ(2018年4月11日閲覧)

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ホタルイカに関連するカテゴリがあります。

外部リンク[編集]

執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
 title=
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia 日本語

ホタルイカ: Brief Summary ( japonais )

fourni par wikipedia 日本語

ホタルイカ(螢烏賊/蛍烏賊、学名Watasenia scintillans (Berry, 1911))は、ツツイカ目 ホタルイカモドキ科に属するイカの一種である。後述のように食用とされる。

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia 日本語

Habitat ( anglais )

fourni par World Register of Marine Species
epipelagic, oceanic

Référence

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

licence
cc-by-4.0
droit d’auteur
WoRMS Editorial Board
contributeur
Jacob van der Land [email]