dcsimg

Glyptapanteles ( anglais )

fourni par wikipedia EN

Glyptapanteles is a genus of endoparasitoid wasps found in Central and North America[1] and New Zealand.[2] The larvae of the members of Glyptapanteles sp. are distinguished by their ability to manipulate their hosts into serving as bodyguards.[3]

Reproduction

Glyptapanteles phytometrae and host Chrysodeixis chalcites

Female Glyptapanteles oviposit into caterpillar hosts. The caterpillar continues to grow and feed normally until the 4th or 5th instar, whereupon up to 80 fully grown larvae emerge from its body to pupate.[4] Some species parasitized by Glyptapanteles include Lymantria dispar,[5] Chrysodeixis chalcites, Thyrinteina leucocerae (both pictured), and Acronicta rumicis.

According to a study done in South Korea on the species G. liparidis, the parasitoid tends to prefer to feed on the second-instar A. rumicis larva, indicating that the stage of caterpillar life may have significant role in maximizing nutrient intake.[6]

Behavior alteration

After the larvae of Glyptapanteles sp. emerge, the caterpillar takes up position near the cocoons of the pupae, arches its back, and ceases to move or feed. It will occasionally spin silk over the pupae. However, when disturbed, it begins to thrash violently. No longer inclined to eat, the affected caterpillar eventually dies.[7] It has been demonstrated in experimental research (Grosman, et al.) that this behavior is to strike at and repel possible predators of the pupae, such as the shield bug Supputius cincticeps, thus improving their survival odds. Only about one in twenty non-parasitized caterpillars responded in this fashion. In 60% of cases, the parasitized caterpillars successfully warded off these potential predators. Mortality rates for pupae not guarded by parasitized caterpillars were significantly higher.[8] That it is of no demonstrated benefit to the caterpillar indicates that this is an adaptation on the part of Glyptapanteles.[9]

Mechanism

In the course of Grosman's research, it was discovered that not all larval Glyptapanteles emerge from their caterpillar host; one or two remain behind. Grosman has theorized that these larvae manipulate the host, foregoing their own chance at pupating in order to protect the brood.[10]

Biocontrol

G. flavicoxis, G. porthetriae and G. militaris have been evaluated by the USDA as possible bio-control agents for containing the invasive gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) population in the United States.[11][12] Research has indicated that Pseudaletia unipuncta hosts fed fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) leaves are optimal for the mass-breeding of G. militaris.[13]

See also

  • Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga, a species of parasitoid wasp with similar larval ability to manipulate hosts to its own ends.
  • Ampulex compressa, or the "Emerald cockroach wasp", a wasp capable of debilitating cockroaches into serving as docile hosts for its eggs.

References

  1. ^ "BOLD Systems Taxonomy Browser". Retrieved 2008-07-14.
  2. ^ Berndt, Lisa; Wratten, Steve; Hassan, Paul (2002). "Effects of buckwheat flowers on leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoids in a New Zealand vineyard". Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 4 (1): 39–45. doi:10.1046/j.1461-9563.2002.00126.x. S2CID 85231915.
  3. ^ Rousse; Gupta (2013). "Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Reunion Island: a catalogue of the local species, including 18 new taxa and a key to species". Zootaxa. 3616 (6): 501–547. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3616.6.1. PMID 24758826.
  4. ^ Branc, Catherine (June 4, 2008). "Zombie caterpillars controlled by voodoo wasps". New Scientist. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
  5. ^ Marktl, Robert C.; Stauffer, Christian; Schopf, Axel (October 2002). "Interspecific competition between the braconid endoparasitoids Glyptapanteles porthetriae and Glyptapanteles liparidis in Lymantria dispar larvae". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. Blackwell Publishing. 105 (2): 97–109(13). doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.01038.x. S2CID 83644921.
  6. ^ CHO, Y.-H.; NAM, S.-H.; Kwon, O. (2006). "Interaction of Acronicta rumicis(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its larval parasitoid, Glyptapanteles liparidis(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)". Entomological Research. 36 (2): 79–84. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5967.2006.00013.x. S2CID 83901343.
  7. ^ Yong, Ed (June 3, 2008). "Parasitic wasp turns caterpillars into head-banging bodyguards". Not Exactly Rocket Science. Archived from the original on 2008-06-06. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
  8. ^ Hesselberg, Thomas (June 8, 2008). "Parasite enlists a bodyguard to protect its pupae". Life of Science. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
  9. ^ Grosman, Amir; Janssen A; de Brito EF; Cordeiro EG; Colares F; et al. (June 4, 2008). "Parasitoid Increases Survival of Its Pupae by Inducing Hosts to Fight Predators". PLOS ONE. 3 (6): 3. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2276G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002276. PMC 2386968. PMID 18523578.
  10. ^ "Parasitoid turns host into bodyguard". Universiteit von Amsterdam Faculty of Science News. June 4, 2008. Archived from the original on February 11, 2012. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
  11. ^ Fuester, Roger; Schaefer, Paul; Ertle, Lawrence (2004). "BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF GYPSY MOTH AND OTHER TREE PESTS AND QUARANTINE SERVICE FOR BENEFICIAL INSECTS: 2004 Annual Report". USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
  12. ^ Reardon, Richard C. "Biological Control of The Gypsy Moth: An Overview". USDA Forest Service. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
  13. ^ Reis, Joana; Oliveira, Luísa; Garcia, Patricia (2003). "Effects of the larval diet of Pseudaletia unipuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on the performance of the parasitoid Glyptapanteles militaris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)". Environmental Entomology. 32 (1): 180–186. doi:10.1603/0046-225X-32.1.180.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia EN

Glyptapanteles: Brief Summary ( anglais )

fourni par wikipedia EN

Glyptapanteles is a genus of endoparasitoid wasps found in Central and North America and New Zealand. The larvae of the members of Glyptapanteles sp. are distinguished by their ability to manipulate their hosts into serving as bodyguards.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia EN

Glyptapanteles ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par wikipedia ES

Glyptapanteles es un género de avispas endoparasitoides de distribución mundial (en América Central y del Norte[2]​ y en Nueva Zelanda.[3]​) Pueden ser solitarios o gregarios. Las larvas se distinguen por su habilidad de manipular a sus huéspedes para que las protejan.

Reproducción y comportamiento

La hembra de Glyptapanteles deposita sus huevos en la oruga huésped. La polilla gitana Lymantria dispar es uno de los huéspedes de esta especie,[4]​ así como Chrysodeixis chalcites y Thyrinteina leucocerae entre otros.

Las larvas se alimentan de la oruga y emergen para convertirse en pupas. La oruga permanece cerca de las pupas del parasitoide y a veces las cubre con su seda. Si alguien se acerca, la oruga se mueve violentamente protegiendo así a las pupas de posibles depredadores; o sea que el parasitoide controla el comportamiento de la oruga huésped para su propio beneficio.[5][6]

Algunas larvas de Glyptapanteles no emergen sino que permanecen dentro de la oruga. Se cree que su función es manipular el comportamiento del huésped, protegiendo así al resto de la camada.[7]

Control biológico

G. flavicoxis, G. porthetriae y G. militaris han sido evaluadas por el Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos como controles biológicos para contener la difusión de poblaciones de la especie invasora Lymantria dispar o polilla gitana.[8][9]​ Se ha comprobado que la polilla Mythimna unipuncta alimentada con Lolium perenne o césped inglés sirve de huésped para la producción en masa de G. militaris.[10]

Véase también

  • Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga, una especie de avispa parasitoide icneumónida con una habilidad larval similar de manipular huéspedes (arañas) para sus propios fines.
  • Ampulex compressa o avispa esmeralda controla el comportamiento de su presa, cucarachas, para que la sigan docilmente al nido.

Referencias

  1. Rousse; Gupta (2013), «Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Reunion Island: a catalogue of the local species, including 18 new taxa and a key to species», Zootaxa 3616 (6): 501-547, doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3616.6.1.
  2. «BOLD Systems Taxonomy Browser». Consultado el 14 de julio de 2008.
  3. Berndt, Lisa; Wratten, Steve; Hassan, Paul (2002). «Effects of buckwheat flowers on leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoids in a New Zealand vineyard». Agricultural and Forest Entomology 4 (1): 39-45. doi:10.1046/j.1461-9563.2002.00126.x.
  4. Marktl, Robert C.; Stauffer, Christian; Schopf, Axel (octubre de 2002). «Interspecific competition between the braconid endoparasitoids Glyptapanteles porthetriae and Glyptapanteles liparidis in Lymantria dispar larvae». Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata (Blackwell Publishing) 105 (2): 97-109(13). doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.01038.x.
  5. Hesselberg, Thomas (8 de junio de 2008). «Parasite enlists a bodyguard to protect its pupae». Life of Science. Consultado el 4 de julio de 2008.
  6. Grosman, Amir; Janssen A; de Brito EF; Cordeiro EG; Colares F (4 de junio de 2008). «Parasitoid Increases Survival of Its Pupae by Inducing Hosts to Fight Predators». PLoS ONE. p. 3. Consultado el 15 de junio de 2008.
  7. «Parasitoid turns host into bodyguard». Universiteit von Amsterdam Faculty of Science News. 4 de junio de 2008. Archivado desde el original el 11 de febrero de 2012. Consultado el 4 de julio de 2008.
  8. Fuester, Roger; Schaefer, Paul; Ertle, Lawrence (2004). «BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF GYPSY MOTH AND OTHER TREE PESTS AND QUARANTINE SERVICE FOR BENEFICIAL INSECTS: 2004 Annual Report». USDA Agricultural Research Service. Consultado el 14 de julio de 2008.
  9. Reardon, Richard C. «Biological Control of The Gypsy Moth: An Overview». USDA Forest Service. Consultado el 14 de julio de 2008.
  10. Reis, Joana; Oliveira, Luísa; Garcia, Patricia (2003). «Effects of the larval diet of Pseudaletia unipuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on the performance of the parasitoid Glyptapanteles militaris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)». Environmental Entomology 32 (1): 180-186. doi:10.1603/0046-225X-32.1.180.

 title=
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia ES

Glyptapanteles: Brief Summary ( espagnol ; castillan )

fourni par wikipedia ES

Glyptapanteles es un género de avispas endoparasitoides de distribución mundial (en América Central y del Norte​ y en Nueva Zelanda.​) Pueden ser solitarios o gregarios. Las larvas se distinguen por su habilidad de manipular a sus huéspedes para que las protejan.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia ES

Glyptapanteles ( vietnamien )

fourni par wikipedia VI

Glyptapanteles là một chi ong bắp cày trong họ Braconidae. Chúng sống ký sinh trên những con sâu bướm, biến chúng thành vật chủ theo ý của mình.

Đặc điểm

Những ấu trùng ong sẽ điều khiển hoạt động của sâu bướm, biến chúng thành những vệ sĩ bảo bọc cho mình. Ấu trùng ong Glyptapanteles sau khi xâm nhập được vào cơ thể sâu bướm sẽ biến vật chủ thành những xác sống biết leo cây, hành động mất kiểm soát. Sau khi leo đến ngọn cây, sâu bướm sẽ chết, cơ thể bị hóa lỏng. Từ đây, những ấu trùng ong bắp cày lại có cơ hội được phát tán ra bên ngoài, đi tìm nạn nhân tiếp theo.

Các loài

Chú thích

  1. ^ Rousse; Gupta (2013). “Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Reunion Island: a catalogue of the local species, including 18 new taxa and a key to species”. Zootaxa 3616 (6): 501–547. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3616.6.1.

Tham khảo

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Glyptapanteles
  • Rousse; Gupta (2013). "Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Reunion Island: a catalogue of the local species, including 18 new taxa and a key to species". Zootaxa 3616 (6): 501–547. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3616.6.1.
  • Marktl, Robert C.; Stauffer, Christian; Schopf, Axel (October 2002). "Interspecific competition between the braconid endoparasitoids Glyptapanteles porthetriae and Glyptapanteles liparidis in Lymantria dispar larvae". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata (Blackwell Publishing) 105 (2): 97–109(13). doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.01038.x.
  • Branc, Catherine (ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 2008). "Zombie caterpillars controlled by voodoo wasps". NewScientist. Truy cập 2008-07-04.
  • Grosman, Amir; Janssen A; de Brito EF; Cordeiro EG; Colares F et al. (ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 2008). "Parasitoid Increases Survival of Its Pupae by Inducing Hosts to Fight Predators". PLoS ONE. p. 3. Truy cập 2008-06-15.
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia VI

Glyptapanteles: Brief Summary ( vietnamien )

fourni par wikipedia VI

Glyptapanteles là một chi ong bắp cày trong họ Braconidae. Chúng sống ký sinh trên những con sâu bướm, biến chúng thành vật chủ theo ý của mình.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visiter la source
site partenaire
wikipedia VI

Glyptapanteles ( russe )

fourni par wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Без ранга: Линяющие
Без ранга: Panarthropoda
Надкласс: Шестиногие
Класс: Насекомые
Надотряд: Hymenopterida
Семейство: Бракониды
Подсемейство: Microgastrinae
Род: Glyptapanteles
Международное научное название

Glyptapanteles

Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
NCBI 92993EOL 3771437

Glyptapanteles — род ос-наездников трибы Cotesinii подсемейства Microgastrinae семейства браконид (Braconidae).

Описание

Glyptapanteles паразитируют, в частности, на гусеницах Lymantria dispar, Chrysodeixis chalcites, Thyrinteina leucocerae. Самка откладывает в тело гусеницы около 80 яиц. Личинки наездника развиваются внутри хозяина, питаясь его гемолимфой, затем прогрызают себе выход наружу, закрепляются на близлежащей ветке или листе и плетут вокруг себя кокон. Но гусеница при этом не погибает. В теле гусениц остаются одно или два яйца-«солдата», которые управляют хозяином в период окукливания остальных особей: всё ещё живая гусеница вместо того, чтобы продолжить своё обычное существование, остаётся на месте и выгибается дугой над коконами, охраняя их от хищников. Фактически гусеница остаётся живой на протяжении всей стадии окукливания ос. Почти одновременно с выходом из коконов взрослых насекомых хозяин погибает.

При появлении клопов щитников, которые питаются коконами ос, 17 из 19 заражённых пядениц начинают трясти головой во все стороны и, в конце концов, стряхивают хищника с ветки или обращают его в бегство. В то же время незаражённые особи не замечают щитника, даже если он забирается на них самих. В результате коконов остаётся почти в два раз больше, чем если бы они оказались без присмотра.

Виды

См. также

Ссылки

Бабочка Это заготовка статьи по энтомологии. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её.  title=
licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Glyptapanteles: Brief Summary ( russe )

fourni par wikipedia русскую Википедию

Glyptapanteles — род ос-наездников трибы Cotesinii подсемейства Microgastrinae семейства браконид (Braconidae).

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Авторы и редакторы Википедии