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Raphignathoidea ( anglais )

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The Raphignathoidea is a superfamily of the Acari (mite) order Trombidiformes, comprising 1087 species in 62 genera and 12 families.[1]

Morphology

Adult Raphignathoidea are generally oval or round in shape, with 2 pairs of vertical setae on the prodorsum (rarely 3), 2 pairs of scapular setae (rarely 1 or 3), and eyes and postocular bodies usually present. The second and third leg pairs are separated by a gap except in families Cryptognathidae and Raphignathidae. The legs usually bear tarsal claws at the ends.[2]

Females and males look similar except that males are often tapered posteriorly, the first and second pseudanal setae are often reduced, the genital and anal openings are fused, and an aedeagus (male reproductive organ) is present.[2]

Life cycle

Most Raphignathoidea have five life stages: egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult. The species Agistemus exsertus also has a prelarval stage, while the genus Raphignathus and the family Xenocaligonellididae also have a third nymphal stage, the tritonymph. It generally takes 1-3 weeks for a raphignathoid mite to go from egg to adult, depending on factors such as temperature and diet, with the egg stage having the longest duration. Males develop slightly faster than females.[2]

Adult females that have mated produce mostly female offspring (female-biased sex ratio). Unmated females can also produce offspring, but these offspring are all male (arrhenotoky). Females generally lay 1-4 eggs a day (the rate depending on temperature and diet) over a 1-2 week period.[2]

Ecology

Raphignathoidea contains many predators of small invertebrates, including scale insect crawlers (Coccoidea), whiteflies (Aleyrodidae), caterpillars and other mites.[1][2] Some Stigmaeidae are herbivores feeding on moss, and some Xenocaligonellididae may be microherbivores feeding on substances on the outer layer of tree bark.[2] There are parasitic and possibly parasitic raphignathoids in the families Stigmaeidae, Dasythyreidae and Dytiscacaridae.[2][3] Stigmaeidae have been found on sandflies (Phlebotominae), a species of Dasythyreidae has been found on eyed-click beetle (Alaus myops),[2] while Dytiscacaridae are highly specialised parasites living beneath the elytra of aquatic beetles (Dytiscidae).[3]

The superfamily occurs in a range of microhabitats including leaves, branches, tree bark, tree cavities, moss, lichen, animal nests, soil, leaf litter, house dust and stored food products. A few species of Homocaligidae and Stigmaeidae are even aquatic or semi-aquatic.[2]

Distribution

Raphignathoidea mites are abundant on most continents, including a few (e.g. Raphignathus johnstoni) that have colonized Antarctica. However, those of the Neotropical realm (Central America and South America) have received relatively little attention.[2]

Biological control

The predatory Raphignathoidea are of some commercial importance, as many are suitable for biological pest control. They are bred and released to control such plant pests as gall mites (Eriophyidae), spider mites (Tetranychidae) or scale insects in agriculture and forestry.[2]

Evolution

One raphignathoid species, Neophyllobius succineus (Camerobiidae), was discovered in Baltic amber of the Upper Eocene (38–33.9 million years ago).[4]

Families

Most raphignathoid species are in the family Stigmaeidae, with the remaining families being relatively small. Additionally, most of the Raphignathoidea were discovered from 1944 onwards (the year in which family Caligonellidae was described).[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c Beron, Petar (2020-04-06). "ACARORUM CATALOGUS VII. Trombidiformes, Prostigmata, Raphignathoidea (Fam. Barbutiidae, Caligonellidae, Camerobiidae, Cryptognathidae, Dasythyreidae, Dytiscacaridae, Eupalopsellidae, Homocaligidae, Mecognathidae, Raphignathidae, Stigmaeidae, Xenocaligonellididae)". Advanced Books. 1: e55087. doi:10.3897/ab.e55087.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Qing-Hai Fan & Zhi-Qiang Zhang (2005). Fauna of New Zealand Number 52 Raphignathoidea (Acari: Prostigmata). Manaaki Whenua Press. ISBN 0-478-09371-3.
  3. ^ a b Mortazavi, Abdolazim; Hajiqanbar, Hamidreza; Lindquist, Evert E (2018-10-20). "A new family of mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Raphignathina), highly specialized subelytral parasites of dytiscid water beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Dytiscinae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 184 (3): 695–749. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx113. ISSN 0024-4082.
  4. ^ Bolland, H. R.; Magowski, W. L. (1990). "Neophyllobius succineus n. sp. from Baltic amber (Acari: Raphignathoidea: Camerobiidae)" (PDF). Entomologische Berichten. 50 (2): 17–21.

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Raphignathoidea: Brief Summary ( anglais )

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The Raphignathoidea is a superfamily of the Acari (mite) order Trombidiformes, comprising 1087 species in 62 genera and 12 families.

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Raphignathoidea ( russe )

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Латинское название Raphignathoidea Kramer, 1877

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ITIS 895650 NCBI 296204

Raphignathoidea (лат.) — надсемейство клещей из надотряда Acariformes (Prostigmata)[1]. Встречаются во всех регионах, включая Антарктику. Ископаемые формы (Neophyllobius succineus Bolland & Magowski, 1990, польский эоценовый янтарь) позволяют заключить, что группа возникла как минимум на границе палеоцена и эоцена (около 56 млн лет)[2]. Более 800 видов[3]. Включает хищников мелких беспозвоночных, паразитов и фитофагов[2]. Хищные представители Raphignathoidea имеют некоторое коммерческое значение, так как многие из них используются в биологическом контроле вредителей сельского и лесного хозяйства. Их выращивают и выпускают для борьбы с галловыми клещами (Eriophyidae), паутинными клещами семейства Tetranychidae и щитовками (Coccoidea)[2].

Классификация

11 семейств, около 60 родов и более 800 видов, большая часть которых принадлежит к семейству Stigmaeidae (30 родов и более 500 видов)[3].

Примечания

  1. Cheng, H.; Fan, Q.-H. 2008: A catalogue of the Chinese Raphignathoidea (Acari: Prostigmata). — Systematic & applied acarology, 13: 256—278.
  2. 1 2 3 Qing-Hai Fan & Zhi-Qiang Zhang. Fauna of New Zealand Number 52 Raphignathoidea (Acari: Prostigmata). — Manaaki Whenua Press, 2005. — ISBN 0-478-09371-3.
  3. 1 2 Zhi-Qiang Zhang, Qing-Hai Fan, Vladimir Pesic, Harry Smit, Andre V. Bochkov, A. A. Khaustov, Anne Baker, Andreas Wohltmann, Tinghuan Wen, James W. Amrine, P. Beron, Jianzhen Lin, Grzegorz Gabrys & Robert Husband. Z.-Q. Zhang, ed. “Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness” (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148: 129—138. ISBN 978-1-86977-849-1. Параметр |chapter= пропущен (справка на английском)
  4. Fan, Q.-H., Walter, D. E. & Proctor, H. C. (2003). A Review of the family Barbutiidae (Acari: Raphignathoidea), with the description of two new species from Australia. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 8, 107—130.
  5. Doğan, S. & Dönel, G. (2010). Cryptofavognathus, a new genus of the family Cryptognathidae Oudemans (Acari: Raphignathoidea), with the description of a new species from Turkey. Zootaxa, 2533, 36-42.
  6. Walter, D.E. & Gerson, U. (1998) Dasythyreidae, new family, and Xanthodasythyreus n. g. (Acari: Prostigmata: Raphignathoidea) from Australia. International Journal of Acarology, 24(3), 189—197.
  7. Fan, Q.-H. (1997). The Homocaligidae (Acari: Raphignathoidea) from China, with description of two new species. Entomologia Sinica, 4, 337—342
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Raphignathoidea: Brief Summary ( russe )

fourni par wikipedia русскую Википедию

Raphignathoidea (лат.) — надсемейство клещей из надотряда Acariformes (Prostigmata). Встречаются во всех регионах, включая Антарктику. Ископаемые формы (Neophyllobius succineus Bolland & Magowski, 1990, польский эоценовый янтарь) позволяют заключить, что группа возникла как минимум на границе палеоцена и эоцена (около 56 млн лет). Более 800 видов. Включает хищников мелких беспозвоночных, паразитов и фитофагов. Хищные представители Raphignathoidea имеют некоторое коммерческое значение, так как многие из них используются в биологическом контроле вредителей сельского и лесного хозяйства. Их выращивают и выпускают для борьбы с галловыми клещами (Eriophyidae), паутинными клещами семейства Tetranychidae и щитовками (Coccoidea).

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