Porifera

Figure 21Sarcotragus foetidus. a a large (ca. 40 cm) living specimen free of epibiotic organisms b magnification of the sponge surface network c large specimen (ca. 35 cm) with dense epibiotic organisms d uncored skeleton fibre e very thin filaments.

Figure 1.Auletta krautteri sp. n. A Fresh specimen, KML1107, KML Sta. 171/76, West of Flamingo Inlet, BC, scale bar 5 cm B KML1105, vertical longitudinal section, scale bar 3 mm C KML1105, cross section, scale bar 3 mm; D–O. KML1105, spicules D ends of style, scale bar 50 µm E style associated with osculum (under light microscope), scale bar 100 µm F–I various forms of styles F scale bar 100 µm; G. scale bar 100 µm H scale bar 200 µm I scale bar 300 µm J ends of oxea, scale bar 50 µm K–M various forms of oxeas K scale bar 300 µm L scale bar 200 µm M scale bar 300 µm N ends of strongyle, scale bar 50 µm O, P two forms of strongyles, scale bar 300 µm.

Figure 22.Dercitus (Halinastra) sibogae sp. n., holotype ZMA Por. 02220, from Indonesia, Papua, A habit B various dichocalthrops C sanidasters D compressed sanidasters.

Figure 22Sarcotragus pipetta. a living specimen in the Mitigliano Cave b type specimen 15495 from the Algerian coasts of the Schmidt’s collection in the Landes Museum Joanneum of Graz c skeletal network close to the sponge surface (LM) with ascending primary fibres supporting conules and filaments.

Figure 2.Dragmacidon kishinensis sp. n. A Holotype B–H Paratype A KML1111, in situ Steep I., BC, scale bar approx. 10 cm B KML1114, in situ Texada I., scale bar approx. 5 cm C KML1113, long. section, periphery to right, scale bar 3 mm D KML1113, cross section scale bar 500 µm E KML1113, oxea, scale bar 500 µm F KML1113, oxea tip, scale bar 100 µm G KML1113, style, scale bar 500 µm H KML1113, head of style, scale bar 100 µm.

Figure 27.Calthropella (Calthropella) xavierae sp. n., holotype ZMA Por. 11376, from Indonesia, E of Komodo, A habit B calthrops C overview of asters D large oxyaster E small oxyaster F large tuberculated speraster G small tuberculated spheraster.

Figure 23Sarcotragus spinosulus. a, b specimens with different growth form c–g different magnifications of skeletal network with primary and secondary fibres, and filaments (LM and SEM).

Figure 24Coscinoderma sporadense. a type specimen b, c network architecture of almost transparent secondary fibres d connections between primary and secondary fibres e primary fibre completely cored by inclusions f close-up of the sponge’s surface engulfing mineral grains and spicules. a–f modified from Voultsiadou-Koukoura et al. (1991).

Figure 25Hippospongia communis. a a large, over 25 cm, specimen collected along the Libyan coast b, c skeletal network with tips of primary cored fibres supporting conules at the sponge surface d ascending tracts of primary fibres in the choanosome.

Figure 26Spongia lamella. a–c different growth forms d grouped oscules in the inner exhalant sponge surface e detail (SEM) of the inhalant apertures f detail of sponge surface with mineral grains enclosed in the slim collagenous layer g skeletal network of a lamina with abundant, cored primary fibres extended between the inner and outer surfaces, and inter-connected by a network of thinner secondary fibres without inclusions.

Figure 27Spongia nitens. a, b dry specimens of the Schmidt’s collection preserved in the Landes Museum Joanneum of Graz c drawing of a living specimen d fibre showing an opaque narrow core e, f different magnification (LM) of the skeletal network, entirely free of mineral inclusions. a, b modified from Desqueyroux-Faundez and Stone (1992) c, d modified from Vacelet (1987) a, b scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 28Spongia officinalis. a massive large living specimen (ca. 25 cm) showing a finely conulose surface with scattered small oscula b close up of the conulose surface covered by a thin uncellularized collagenous layer (SEM) c magnifications of an inhalant cribrose basal area (SEM) d conules at the spongin skeleton surface (SEM) e twisted surface of secondary fibres (SEM). b, c modified from Pronzato et al. (1998) d, e modified from Pronzato & Manconi (2008) b, d scale bars in mm.

Figure 29Spongia virgultosa. a schematic drawing of the aquiferous system architecture and direction of incurrent and excurrent water flow b low magnification of the skeleton (LM) supporting a funnel c' spongin skeletons of some specimens showing the exhalant funnels (arrows) of the aquiferous system c'' blowup of skeleton skeleton characterised by the absence of cored primary fibres (LM) d exhalant funnel (SEM) e inhalant funnel (SEM). c-e) modified from Pronzato et al. (1998). d, e, f scale bars in µm.

Figure 30Spongia zimocca. a specimens from the sponge market (Djerba, Tunisia) b drawing of the skeletal network at the sponge surface c long and dense conules supported by tips of primary fibres at the sponge surface (LM) d network of uncored secondary fibres e cored primary fibres among uncored secondaries. b modified from Schulze (1879a).

Figure 4Chelonaplysilla noevus. a original illustration of the type specimen encrusting with conulose surface b close-up of the sponge surface with mineral debris and smooth rounded inhalant areas (lighter in the scheme) bearing small ostia; a modified from Carter (1876) b modified from Topsent (1925).

Figure 31Cacospongia mollior. a, b dry specimens from the Schmidt’s collection preserved in the Landes Museum Joanneum of Graz c close up of the sponge surface harbouring several specimens of Chromodoris spp. grazing on epibionts d skeletal network with primary (cored) and secondary (uncored) fibres close to the sponge surface e close up of the skeletal network with primary and secondary fibres (LM). a, b modified from Desqueyroux-Faundez and Stone (1992) d modified from Schulze (1879a) e modified from Pulitzer-Finali & Pronzato (1976) a, b scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 32Cacospongia proficens. Spongin skeleton with primary fibres cored by alloctonous spicules of Reniera cratera (left) and Reniera mucosa (right). Modified from Pulitzer-Finali and Pronzato (1980).

Figure 33Cacospongia scalaris. a large massive specimen (ca. 35 cm) with finely conulose surface and evident scattered oscula b cored primary fibres perpendicularly connected by secondaries showing a marrow (LM) c drawing of the skeletal network; d) drawing showing radiating primary fibres typically connected by secondaries at right angle (90°). b modified from Pulitzer-Finali & Pronzato (1976) c modified from Laubenfels (1948) d modified from Schulze (1879a).

Figure 34Fasciospongia cavernosa. a large specimen (over 20 cm) from the Kerkennah Islands (Tunisia) b stout spongin fibres in the skeletal network with very scarce inclusions at different magnifications (LM) c granulated (top) and cored (bottom) fibres d internal shape of the typical hollow (from which the species name) e, f rugose surface of skeletal fibres (SEM). c modified from Vacelet (1959) d modified from Schulze (1879a).

Figure 35Hyrtios collectrix. a detail of a fibre tract showing a scanty amount of spongin with a wide variety of mineral debris embedded, including also spicules of many other sponge species b foreign materials embedded in the sponge surface c pictorial representation of a sponge cross section close to the surface with flagellate chambers represented as terminations of a tree-shaped aquiferous system. a–c modified from Schulze (1879b).

Figure 37.Aplysina aerophoba. a) underwater shot of a specimen with typical seasonal outgrowths in spring-summer b, c skeletal network at different magnifications (LM) with indistinguishable primary and secondary fibres both characterised by an empty core.

Figure 38.Aplysina cavernicola. a large digitate colony ca. 70–80 cm b cross section (LM) of a laminate fibre showing a light spongy core that, in dried conditions, becomes empty c, d different magnifications (LM) of the skeleton, indistinguishable from that of Aplysina aerophoba.

Figure 39.Hexadella spp. Underwater photographs of two specimens with the surface ornamentation and oscular funnels typical of the genus. Colour in vivo is not diagnostic at the species level.

Figure 39.Hexadella spp. Underwater photographs of two specimens with the surface ornamentation and oscular funnels typical of the genus. Colour in vivo is not diagnostic at the species level.