noms dans le fil d’Ariane
Kumbikumbi ni mchwa wenye mabawa wanaotoka katika kichuguu wakati wa majira ya mvua. Mchwa hao ni majike na madume waliokomaa na wakiruka wanapandana. Kwa sababu kumbikumbi wa vichuguu vingi vya mahali pamoja hutoka kwa wakati mmoja wanaweza kuchagua mwenzi kutoka kichuguu kisicho chao. Halafu kila jozi inachimba kishimo na kuzaa na kuanza kichuguu kipya.
Lakini asilimia ndogo tu ya kumbikumbi huishi hadi kuzaa. Wengi sana huliwa na mbuai kama vile ndege, popo, nguchiro n.k. Hata watu huwala kwa sababu kumbikumbi wana mafuta mengi ndani ya miili yao.
Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya biolojia bado ni mbegu. Siraru (Basa Yunani: ὁδός (hodós), lalana; Latin termes, cacing leuweung) nyaéta kulawarga rinyuh buhun, Hodotermitidae.[1] Nu ngabédakeunna unggal kasta téh nyaéta tungtung sungut handapna, jeung panonna, sahingga masing-masing béda fungsina.[2] Aya siraru aya nu tugasna néangan kahakanan jukut ti peuting jeung ti beurang, sarta siraru pagawé[3] nu sok rajeun di luareun sayang. Sumebaranna ngawengku padang pasir jeung sabana di Afrika, Wétan Tengah jeung Asia. Mun di wewengkon Sunda mah, istilah siraru leuwih spésifik nuduhkeun rinyuh nu jangjangan, sok eunteup kanu caang mangsa peuting sanggeus hujan (basa Inggris: Flying Termites).
Kulawarga nu aya ngawengku tilu genera jeung kurang leuwih 18 nepi ka 19 spésiés.[4] Anacanthotermes kapanggih di padang pasir jeung semi padang pasir di Afrika Kalér, Wétan Tengah jeung Asia, kaasup Baluchistan jeung India bagéan kidul. Hodotermes mibanda sebaran anu lega ti Palaearctic Afrika Kalér, liwat sabana Afrika Wétan ka daérah karroid di Afrika bagéan kidul.. Microhodotermesmangrupa génus spésialis gurun di Namib, Kalahari jeung Karoo, nu mana hontalanna patumpang tindih jeung Hodotermes..
Sanajan rinyuh termopsidae téh sakapeung mah digolongkeun minangka siraru,[5] saenyana mun ditilik deui mah mibanda garis katurunan nu béda, leuwih dominanna mertahankeun plésiomorfik Isoptera.
Ari siraru nyayangna ku cara ngaliang dina jero taneuh, teu kawas Termopsidae jeung Kalotermitidae. Dina perkara Hodotermes mossambicusmah, sistim sayangna téh aya di jero taneuh nu sumebar, mun ti pabeungeutan mah nepi ka jerona téh leuwih ti 6 méter mah. Éta sayang téh ukuranna 60 cm jeung silih sambung ku galéri. Partikel anggang taneuh nu dikali dibawa ka pabeungeutan sarta dipiceun ka sawatara tempat di sabudeureun sayang. Koloni Microhodotermes viator ngasilkeun gundukan taneuh kawas congcot laleutik,[6] nu taneuhna téh ngadung lempung. Sosiotomi, atawa gerakan massa wawakil sakumna kasta di koloni pikeun manggihan koloni anyar, teu dipikanyaho di Hodotermitidae mah.[7][8]
Geuwat sanggeus hujan, brul siraru hiber pikeun ngalakonan réproduksi, ieu siraru téh salila usum halodo mah cimekblek cicing di jero sayang panghandapna. Ari karawinna, biasana ngariung di nu caang, mantak sok nyampeurkeun kana lampu atawa cahya séjénna. Mun jauh ti sayang indungna, biasana mah sok écag, ngangkatkeun jangjang jeung maluruh pasanganna. Ari siraru nu geus meunang pasanganna, biasana sok nyoplokkeun jangjangna, paantai-antai jeung pasanganna tatar-tutur kaditu-kadieu. Pasangan siraru téh sok langsung ngali liang pikeun mitembeyan koloni anyar. Saminggu sanggeus sagulung-sagalang, bikangna langsung ngendog. Sanggeus kurang leuwih opat bulan, sayangna cukup pikeun ngirim pagawé jang néangan kahakanan ka pabeungeutan. Sawatara taun ka hareup, loba endog nu megar jadi pagawé, jeung sawaréhna mah jadi tangtara. Mun sayangna cukup badag mah, réproduksi siraru téh dilakonan deui.[9]
Para pagawé ngumpulkeun nu lolobana mah kakaian, kalawan spésiés Pteronia jeung vygie nu dipikaresepna. Sebalikna, siraru jangjangan mah diét utamana dina ngahakan jukut garing jeung atawa nu ibunan, sok sanajan ari sésa tatangkalan jeung pangpung régang mah dihakan saeutik-saeutik waé mah. Dina studi kastabilan isotop H. mossambicus, asupan kadaharan utamana téh nyaéta komponén rumput, ampir 94%.[10] Di ieu sésiés, larva instar ka genep nyerna sarta ngadistribusikeun hakanan di jero éta koloni ku cara tropioaksis stomodeal. Ku cara méré dahar babarengan téh ngaruketkeun integritas koloni, lantaran nu maraban téh ngadiskriminasikeun individu ku mikrobiota usus nu teu biasa.[11]
Siraru téh mangrupa kadaharan utamana ajag ceuli lalay di Afrika Wétan jeung kidul.[12] Pikeun kahakanan nu teu ilahar ieu, sahingga ieu ajag mah mibanda 48 huntu leutik tinimbang anjing séjén nu mibanda 42 huntu. Ieu ajag ogé miboga ceuli nu rebing kawas lalay, fungsina pikeun ngadédéngékeun gegeremet di jero taneuh, nepi ka antukna dikali. Kitu ogé, ajag fennec néangan gegeremetna ku cara ngali. Sanajan ajag marcapada mangrupa prédator husus ti Trinervitermes tinangtu, tapina mun dina usum tiis sok moro siraru ogé.[13] Aktivitas ngukuy jeung ngali taneuh nu lega ku aardvarks téh dikaitkeun jeung lahan heuweltjies nu dicicingan ku siraru.
Siraru bisa méakeun jukut di kebon jeung bisa nyebabkeun taneuh jadi urug, ngan teu pati mun kana kebon nu kurang jukutna mah.[2][3] Ngan, dina jangka lilana mah, buburukan jeung daur ulang bahan pepelakan urut siraru téh mibanda kontribusi kana kasuburan taneuh jeung siklus global karbon, nitrogén, sarta unsur lianna.[10]
Siraru (Basa Yunani: ὁδός (hodós), lalana; Latin termes, cacing leuweung) nyaéta kulawarga rinyuh buhun, Hodotermitidae. Nu ngabédakeunna unggal kasta téh nyaéta tungtung sungut handapna, jeung panonna, sahingga masing-masing béda fungsina. Aya siraru aya nu tugasna néangan kahakanan jukut ti peuting jeung ti beurang, sarta siraru pagawé nu sok rajeun di luareun sayang. Sumebaranna ngawengku padang pasir jeung sabana di Afrika, Wétan Tengah jeung Asia. Mun di wewengkon Sunda mah, istilah siraru leuwih spésifik nuduhkeun rinyuh nu jangjangan, sok eunteup kanu caang mangsa peuting sanggeus hujan (basa Inggris: Flying Termites).
The Hodotermitidae (from Greek ὁδός (hodós), travelling; Latin termes, woodworm) are a basal Old World family of termites known as the harvester termites.[1] They are distinguished by the serrated inner edge of their mandibles, and their functional compound eyes which are present in all castes.[2] They forage for grass at night and during daylight hours, and the pigmented workers[3] are often observed outside the nest.[2] Their range includes the deserts and savannas of Africa, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia.[1] Their English name refers to their habit of collecting grass, which is not unique to the family however.[2]
The family consists of three extant genera and some 18 or 19 species.[4] Anacanthotermes is found in deserts and semideserts of North Africa, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia, including Baluchistan and southern India. Hodotermes has a vast range from Palaearctic North Africa, through the East African savannas to the karroid regions of southern Africa.[1][2] Microhodotermes is a genus of desert specialists in the Namib, Kalahari, and Karoo, where their ranges overlap with Hodotermes.[1][3]
Although they were once considered apart of Archotermopsidae, they are now generally viewed as their own distinct family which merely retain plesiomorphies with the other basal Isoptera.[5]
They nest by excavating in the soil, unlike the Archotermopsidae and Kalotermitidae.[2] In the case of Hodotermes mossambicus, the diffuse subterranean system of spherical hives may be located from near the surface to more than 6 m deep.[2][3] The hives may be 60 cm wide and are interconnected by galleries. Loose particles of excavated soil are brought to the surface and dumped at various points around the nest.[2] Colonies of Microhodotermes viator produce initially small,[6] conical mounds on soil with sufficient clay content.[3] Sociotomy, or the mass movement of representatives of all castes in a colony in order to found a new colony, is unknown in Hodotermitidae.[7][8]
Soon after rain showers, swarms of flying termites, alates or winged reproductives, emerge from their underground nests during summer evenings. When sufficiently distant from the parent nest, they land, shrug off their wings, and scout about for a mate. The pair then excavates a burrow to start a new colony. A week after swarming, the female lays her first eggs, which are tended by the couple, a task soon taken over by the maturing workers. After some four months, the nest is sufficiently developed to send foraging workers to the surface. For the next few years, most of the eggs develop into workers and a small number of soldiers. When the nest is sufficiently large, winged reproductives again develop.[9]
The workers of M. viator collect mostly woody material, with Pteronia and vygie species being favoured.[3] To the contrary, the diet of H. mossambicus consists primarily of ripe and/or frost- or drought-killed grass, though tree and shrub material is consumed to a lesser degree. In a stable isotope study of H. mossambicus, the grass component was found to constitute upwards of 94% of their food intake.[10] In this species, the sixth instar larvae digest and distribute food within the colony[10] by means of stomodeal trophallaxis. The mutual feeding also reinforces the colony's integrity, as the feeders discriminate against individuals with unfamiliar intestinal microbiota.[11]
Harvester termites form the main component in the diet of the diurnal bat-eared fox in east and southern Africa.[12] For this unusual diet, these foxes have 48 small teeth compared to the 42 teeth of all other dogs. They also have large ears to hear the insects in their underground chambers, before they are dug up. Similarly, the nocturnal fennec fox procures termites by digging.[12] Though the aardwolf is a specialized predator of certain Trinervitermes, they may assume a partially diurnal habit in winter to obtain harvester termites.[13] Widespread foraging and burrowing activities of aardvarks are associated with heuweltjies inhabited by M. viator.[6]
They can deplete grass in pastures and contribute to soil erosion, but are less effective when grasslands are not overgrazed or disturbed.[2][3] Over the long term, however, their decomposing and recycling of plant material contribute to soil fertility and the global cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements.[10]
The Hodotermitidae (from Greek ὁδός (hodós), travelling; Latin termes, woodworm) are a basal Old World family of termites known as the harvester termites. They are distinguished by the serrated inner edge of their mandibles, and their functional compound eyes which are present in all castes. They forage for grass at night and during daylight hours, and the pigmented workers are often observed outside the nest. Their range includes the deserts and savannas of Africa, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia. Their English name refers to their habit of collecting grass, which is not unique to the family however.
Los hodotermítidos (Hodotermitidae) son una familia de termitas, que contiene los siguientes géneros.[1]
Los hodotermítidos (Hodotermitidae) son una familia de termitas, que contiene los siguientes géneros.
Hodotermitidae er en gruppe (familie) av insekter som tilhører underordenen termitter. De er regnet som forholdsvis primitive termitter.
Middelsstore til ganske store (gjerne 10-20 mm) termitter. Forskjellen i utseende mellom de ulike kastene er forholdsvis moderat. De kjønnede individene er omtrent dobbelt så store som arbeiderne og har vinger. De mangler punktøyne (ocelli) og har tre- til åtte-leddete haletråder (cerci). Soldatene har forstørrede hoder og lange, sigdformede kjever, men er ikke svært mye større enn vanlige arbeidere. Arbeiderne har store, runde hoder, forholdsvis kraftige kjever, perlekjede-formede antenner og en thorax som er noe sklerotisert (hard) og brungul. De er den eneste termitt-familien der arbeiderne har øyne.
Disse termittene lever i nokså fuktig og råtten, død ved. De kan ødelegge ubehandlet treverk men dersom de finnes var treverket trolig råteskadet alt før termittene kom inn. De gnager ut et åpent, forgrenet gangnettverk i treet. Som andre termitter fordøyer de cellulose ved hjelp av mikroorganismer (flagellater) i tarmen. Hodotermes-arter har vært registrert som skadedyr på korn (spiser stråene), men det er uklart hvor mye skade de egentlig gjør.
Familien er utbredt i Afrika, Midtøsten og India.
I tillegg til de nålevende slektene er det beskrevet seks slekter av fossile arter, noen fra så langt tilbake som tidlig Kritt.
Hodotermitidae er en gruppe (familie) av insekter som tilhører underordenen termitter. De er regnet som forholdsvis primitive termitter.
Hodotermitidae é uma antiga família de térmitas da região do Velho Mundo.[1]
A família Hodotermitidae inclui os seguintes géneros extantes:
Hodotermitidae é uma antiga família de térmitas da região do Velho Mundo.
Hodotermitidae Desneux, 1904
Hodotermitidae (лат.) — семейство термитов, представитель группы общественных насекомых. Около 20 видов.
Средних и достаточно больших для термитов размеров (обычно 10—20 мм). Они являются единственным семейством термитов, где рабочие особи имеют глаза. Солдаты имеют длинные, серповидные челюсти, но в целом по размеру почти сравнимы с обычными рабочими.
Широко распространен в Африке, на Ближнем Востоке и в Индии.
Hodotermitidae (лат.) — семейство термитов, представитель группы общественных насекомых. Около 20 видов.
草白蟻科在等翅目中，属于比较原始的一个类群，在某些方面比澳白蚁科表现的更原始。本科的一些属，其有翅成虫左上颚有3个缘齿，而澳白蚁科只有两个。但总体来看，澳白蚁科仍是等翅目中最原始的类群。
本科各品级头部无囟，前胸背板扁平，狭窄于头宽，足第1跗节仅在下方分裂，成一分二状态，但上方不分裂，仍为1节，因此下面观跗节为5节，上面观仅现4节，尾须长，4～8节。有翅成虫缺单眼，触角15～27节；兵蚁胫节具2～4枚端刺。
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